Statistics Unlocking The Power Of Data 3rd Edition Robin H Lock, Patti Frazer Lock, Kari Lock Morgan, Eric F Lock, Dennis F Lock - Solutions

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Identify the study as an observational study or an experiment. a. The Salk polio vaccine study b. A poll in which college students are asked if they commute or live on campus Solution.
Identify the variables of interest for each study. a. The Salk polio vaccine study b. A poll in which college students are asked if they commute or live on campus.
You want to know whether children born prematurely do as well in elementary school as children born at full term. What type of study should you do?
Look again at the Salk polio vaccine Case Study. What was the treatment? Which group of children constituted the treatment group? Which constituted the control group?
A study divided college students into two groups. One group listened to Mozart or other classical music before being assigned a specific task and the other group simply was assigned the task without listening to the music. Researchers found that those listening to the classical music performed the
Briefly explain how the two strategies for selecting treatment and control groups were used in the Salk polio vaccine study.
What was the placebo in the Salk polio vaccine study? Why did researchers use a placebo in this experiment?
In a famous case, two couples from Bakersfield, California, were convicted of molesting dozens of preschool-age children at their daycare center. The evidence for the abuse came primarily from interviews with the children. However, the conviction was overturned—after one man had served 14 years
For each of the experiments described below, identify any problems and explain how the problems could have been avoided. a. A new drug for attention deficit disorder (ADD) is supposed to make affected children more polite. Randomly selected children suffering from ADD are divided into treatment
For each of the following questions, what type of statistical study is most likely to lead to an answer? Be as specific as possible. a. What is the average (mean) income of stock brokers? b. Do seat belts save lives? c. Can lifting weights improve runners’ times in a 10-kilometer (10K)
Imagine the following (hypothetical) newspaper report: “Researchers gave 100 participants their individual astrological horoscopes and asked whether the horoscopes were accurate. 85% of the participants said their horoscopes were accurate. The researchers concluded that horoscopes are valid most
A study reported in the New England Journal of Medicine (Vol. 318, No. 4) sought to determine whether aspirin is effective in preventing heart attacks. It involved 22,000 male physicians considered to be at risk for heart attacks. The men were divided into a treatment group that took aspirin and
By 1963, research had so clearly shown the health dangers of smoking that the Surgeon General of the United States publicly announced that smoking is bad for health. Research done since that time built further support for this claim. However, while the vast majority of studies showed that smoking
Suppose the nightly TV news shows scientists at a press conference announcing that they’ve discovered evidence that a newly developed chemical can stop the aging process. The work has not yet gone through the peer review process. Analyze this study according to Guideline 2.Data From Guideline
The television show Nightline conducted a poll in which viewers were asked whether the United Nations headquarters should be kept in the United States. Viewers could respond to the poll by paying 50 cents to call a special phone number with their opinions. The poll drew 186,000 responses, of which
Until the mid-1990s, astronomers had never found conclusive evidence for planets outside our own solar system. But improving technology made it possible to begin finding such planets, and more than 2,000 had been discovered by mid-2012. The existing technology makes it easier to find large planets
A Roper poll reported in USA Today involved a survey of the wealthiest 1% of Americans. The survey found that these people would pay an average of $$487,000$ for true love, $$407,000$ for great intellect, $$285,000$ for talent, and $$259,000$ for eternal youth. Analyze this result according
A commonly quoted statistic is that law enforcement authorities succeed in stopping only about 10% to 20% of the illegal drugs entering the United States. Should you believe this statistic?
Radon is a radioactive gas produced by natural processes (the decay of uranium) in the ground. The gas can leach into buildings through the foundation and can accumulate to relatively high concentrations if doors and windows are closed. Imagine a (hypothetical) study that seeks to determine whether
The Republican National Committee commissioned a poll to find out whether Americans supported their proposed tax cuts. Asked “Do you favor a tax cut?,” a large majority of respondents answered yes. Should we conclude that Americans supported the proposal?
Two surveys asked Catholics in the Boston area whether contraceptives should be made available to unmarried women. The first survey involved in-person interviews, and 44% of the respondents answered yes. The second survey was conducted by mail and telephone, and 75% of the respondents answered yes.
The school board in Boulder, Colorado, created a hubbub when it announced that 28% of Boulder school children were reading “below grade level” and hence concluded that methods of teaching reading needed to be changed. The announcement was based on reading tests on which 28% of Boulder school
A recent study by a respected psychologist, Daryl J. Bem (Cornell University) claimed to find evidence for the existence of extrasensory perception, or ESP. Dr. Bem’s results showed relatively small effects; for example, in one experiment in which subjects were asked to identify a picture hidden
An experiment is conducted in which the weight losses of people who try a new “Fast Diet Supplement” are compared to the weight losses of a control group of people who try to lose weight in other ways. After eight weeks, the results show that the treatment group lost an average of onehalf
A football player is taking a statistics course and states that the names of the players on his team are qualitative, but they can be made quantitative by using the numbers on the jerseys of their uniforms. Is he correct? Why or why not?
Is a researcher correct when she argues that all data are either qualitative or quantitative? Explain.
A researcher argues that ZIP codes are quantitative data because they measure location, with low numbers in the east and high numbers in the west. Is she correct? Why or why not?
The white blood cell counts of different people, consisting of the numbers of white blood cells per microliter of blood.Determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and explain why.
Braking reaction times (in seconds) are measured as part of a driver education program.Determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and explain why.
The specialties of physicians (cardiac surgeon, pediatrician, etc.)Determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and explain why.
The answers (a, b, c, d, e) to multiple choice test questions.Determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and explain why.
The responses (yes, no, refuse to answer) from survey subjects when asked a question.Determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and explain why.
The shoe sizes (such as 8 or 101 2) of test subjects.Determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and explain why.
The grade point averages of randomly selected college students.Determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and explain why.
The numbers of checked bags on flights between San Francisco and Atlanta.State whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why?
The weights of checked bags on flights between San Francisco and Atlanta.State whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why?
The total numbers of flights by different airlines between San Francisco and Atlanta in the past month.State whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why?
The lengths in minutes of each of the flights between San Francisco and Atlanta in the past month.State whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why?
An experiment in chemistry is repeated, and the times it takes for a reaction to occur are recorded.State whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why?
The times required by students to complete a statistics test.State whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why?
The numerical scores on a statistics test.State whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why?
Number of cars crossing the Golden Gate Bridge each hour.State whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why?
The speeds of cars as they pass the center of the Golden Gate Bridge.State whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why?
Number of stars in each galaxy in the universe.State whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why?
The exact amounts of cola in different cans Levels of Measurement. State whether the data described are discrete or continuous and explain why?
Weights of college textbooks.Identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio).
Body temperatures in Fahrenheit of all students in a statistics class.Identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio).
Distances traveled by college students as they drive from their homes to their colleges.Identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio).
Weights of the cola in cans of Diet Coke.Identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio).
Consumer Reports safety ratings of cars: 0 = unsafe up to 3 = safest Meaningful ratios?Identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio).
Wind with a speed of 40 mi/h moves four times as fast as wind with a speed of 10 mi/h.Determine whether the given statement represents a meaningful ratio, so that the ratio level of measurement applies. Explain.
On August 6, it was 80o F in New York City, so it was twice as hot as on December 7, when it was 40° F.Determine whether the given statement represents a meaningful ratio, so that the ratio level of measurement applies. Explain.
Using carbon dating, one sample of wood is found to be twice as old as another, because the first sample is found to be 200 years old while the other sample is 100 years old.Determine whether the given statement represents a meaningful ratio, so that the ratio level of measurement applies. Explain.
An employee with a salary of $$150,000$ earns twice as much as one with a $$75,000$ salary.Determine whether the given statement represents a meaningful ratio, so that the ratio level of measurement applies. Explain.
A person with an SAT score of 2200 is twice as qualified for college as a person with a score of 1100. complete classification. Determine whether the given statement represents a meaningful ratio, so that the ratio level of measurement applies. Explain.
Finish times of the New York City Marathon Determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and give their level of measurement. If the data are quantitative, state whether they are continuous or discrete. Give a brief explanation.
Home nations (such as U. S., France, Kenya) of runners in a marathon Determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and give their level of measurement. If the data are quantitative, state whether they are continuous or discrete. Give a brief explanation.
The employees of the Telektronics Corporation have six-digit identification numbers that are randomly generated.Determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and give their level of measurement. If the data are quantitative, state whether they are continuous or discrete. Give
In a survey of voter preferences, the political parties of respondents are recorded as coded numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 (where 1 = Democrat, 2 = Republican, 3 = Liberal, 4 = Conservative, 5 = other).Determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and give their level of
Apple tests each of its manufactured iPhones and labels each as acceptable or defective.Determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and give their level of measurement. If the data are quantitative, state whether they are continuous or discrete. Give a brief explanation.
What is the margin of error in a statistical study, and why is it important? Does It make Sense?
A new startup company intends to compete with Nielsen Media Research by providing data with a larger margin of error for the same price.Decide whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make sense (or is clearly false). Explain clearly; not all of these have definitive
In an Accountemps survey of 150 senior executives, 47% said that the most common job interview mistake is to have little or no knowledge of the company.
A Braun Research poll asked 1,000 office workers how they wake up in time for work; 60% of them said that they use an alarm clock. The margin of error of was 3 percentage points.Use the given statistics and margin of error to identify the range of values (confidence interval) likely to contain the
USA Today reported that among 6,028 adults observed in restrooms, 85% washed their hands. The margin of error was 1 percentage point.Use the given statistics and margin of error to identify the range of values (confidence interval) likely to contain the true value of the population parameter.
In a Harris Interactive survey of 1,006 adults, 96% say that they wash their hands when in a public restroom. The margin of error was 3 percentage points.Use the given statistics and margin of error to identify the range of values (confidence interval) likely to contain the true value of the
One hundred and six adults are randomly selected and tested for their body temperatures. Based on that sample, researchers estimated that the average (mean) body temperature is 98.2oF with a margin of error of 0.1oF.Use the given statistics and margin of error to identify the range of values
An Eagleton Institute poll asked men if they agreed with this statement: “Abortion is a private matter that should be left to women to decide without government intervention.” Among the men who were interviewed by women, 77% agreed with the statement. Among the men who were interviewed by men,
A study of 3,005 adults ages 57 to 85 showed that 82% of them use at least one prescription drug. The margin of error is 2 percentage points (based on data from “Use of Prescription and Over-the-Counter Medications and Dietary Supplements Among Older Adults in the United States,” by Qato, et
You want to determine the percentage of drivers who use cell phones while they are driving.Describe how you would apply the five basic steps in a statistical study.Data From Basic Steps in a Statistical Study1. State the goal of your study precisely; that is, determine the population you want to
FICO (Fair Isaac Corporation) scores are routinely used to rate the quality of consumer credit. You want to determine the average (mean) FICO score of an adult in the United States.Describe how you would apply the five basic steps in a statistical study.Data From Basic Steps in a Statistical
Recognizing that overloading commercial aircraft would lead to unsafe flights, you want to determine the average (mean) weight of airline passengers.Describe how you would apply the five basic steps in a statistical study.Data From Basic Steps in a Statistical Studyi. State the goal of your study
Because the batteries used in heart pacemakers are so critically important, you want to determine the average (mean) length of time that such batteries last before failure.Describe how you would apply the five basic steps in a statistical study.Data From Basic Steps in a Statistical Studyi. State
Find the Nielsen ratings for the past week. What were the three most popular television shows? Explain the meaning of the “rating” and the “share” for each show.
Nielsen Media Research supplies statistical data that is very important to advertisers and marketers. Visit the Nielsen Web site and read about one or more of their data products. Write a brief report on how they collect the data and how the data are used.
The U.S. Department of Transportation routinely publishes on-time performance, lost baggage rates, and other statistics for different airline companies. Find a recent example of such statistics. Based on what you find, is it fair to say that any particular airline stands out as better or worse than
Use the Bureau of Labor Statistics Web site to find monthly unemployment rates over the past 12 months. If you assume that the monthly survey has a margin of error of about 0.2 percentage point, has there been a noticeable change in the unemployment rate over the past year? Explain.
Identify a study that has been done (or should be done) to improve the safety of car drivers and passengers. Briefly describe the importance of statistics to the study.
The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press studies public attitudes toward the press, politics, and public policy issues. Go to its Web site and find the latest survey about attitudes. Select a particular recent survey, and write a summary of what was surveyed, how the survey was
Identify three stories from the past week that involve statistics in some way. In each case, write a brief statement describing the role of statistics in the story.
Write a brief description of some ways in which you think that the science of statistics can be used in your major field of study. (If you have not yet selected a major, answer the question for a major that you are considering.)
The Nielsen ratings are well known for their role in gauging television viewing. Identify another way that statistics are used in the entertainment industry. Briefly describe the role of statistics in this application.
Choose a sport and describe at least three different statistics commonly tracked by participants in or spectators of the sport. In each case, briefly describe the importance of the statistic to the sport.
The government regularly publishes many different economic statistics, such as the unemployment rate, the inflation rate, and the surplus or deficit in the federal budget. Study recent newspapers and identify five important economic statistics. Briefly explain the purpose of each of these five
A common (and hotly debated) saying among sports fans is “Defense wins championships.” Is offensive scoring ability or defensive stinginess a better indicator of a team’s success? To investigate this question we’ll use data from the 2018–2019 National Basketball Association (NBA) regular
In the 2018–2019 National Hockey League (NHL) regular season, the number of penalty minutes per game for each of the 30 teams ranged from a low of 8.7 for the Nashville Predators to a high of 16.8 for the most penalized Tampa Bay Lightning. All 30 data values are given in Table C.11 and are also
From its founding through 2019, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has inducted 329 groups or individuals. Table P.4 shows how many of the inductees have been female or have included female members and also shows how many of the inductees have been performers. (The full dataset is available in Rockand
From its founding through 2019, the Hockey Hall of Fame has inducted 281 players. Table P.5 shows the number of players by place of birth and by position played. If a player is chosen at random from all player inductees into the Hockey Hall of Fame, let C represent the event of being born in Canada
The Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) has two parts: Reading and Writing and Mathematics. Scores on both parts range from 200 to 800. The means and standard deviations for the two tests are shown in Table P.16. Assuming that the Reading and Writing scores follow a normal distribution, draw a sketch of
During the 2015–16 NBA season, Stephen Curry of the Golden State Warriors had a free throw shooting percentage of 0.908. Assume that the probability Stephen Curry makes any given free throw is fixed at 0.908, and that free throws are independent.(a) If Stephen Curry shoots two free throws, what
A study randomly assigned students to take notes either longhand or using a laptop. The resulting scores of the students on a test of the material are given in Table 6.20. Does the data provide evidence that it is more effective to take notes longhand rather than on a laptop? Show all details of
Domestic cats kill many more wild birds in the United States than scientists thought,” states a recent article. Researchers used a sample of n=140 households in the US with cats to estimate that 35% of household cats in the US hunt outdoors.(a) Find and interpret a 95% confidence interval for the
After the active learning or passive learning class, students rated the extent to which they agreed with the statement “I feel like I learned a great deal from this class.” Ratings were on a 5- point scale with greater numbers indicating greater agreement. For the 142 students in the active
Are malaria parasites able to control mosquito behavior to their advantage? A study investigated this question by taking mosquitos and giving them the opportunity to have their first “blood meal” from a mouse. The mosquitoes were randomized to either eat from a mouse infected with malaria or an
Find the specified areas for a standard normal distribution.(a) The area below z = −2.10 (b) The area above z = 1.25
Four years after the survey described in Exercise C.48, in 2015, a different survey of 12,000 American adults found that 29.0% identified as Democrats and 26.0% identified as Republicans, with the rest identifying as independent or other. Answer the same questions about these survey results as in
The Boston Marathon is the world’s oldest annual marathon, held every year since 1897. In 2019, 26,632 runners finished the race, with a mean time for all runners of 3:53:01 (about 233 minutes) with standard deviation 0:44:59 (about 45 minutes). Find the mean and standard deviation (in minutes)
A 2010 headline stated that “73% say Woman President Likely in Next 10 Years.” The report gives the results of a survey of 1000 randomly selected likely voters in the US. Find and interpret a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of likely voters in the US in 2010 who thought a woman
In a study examining gender bias, a nationwide sample of 127 science professors evaluated the application materials of an undergraduate student who had ostensibly applied undergraduate student who had ostensibly applied for a laboratory manager position. All participants received the same
A study examined survival of gastrointestinal pathogens (such as salmonella and E. coli) in seven different beverages. The beverages tested were cola, lemonlime mixer, diet cola, beer, wine, milk, and water. Bacteria were placed in the different beverages, over multiple trials, and the change in

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Statistics Unlocking The Power Of Data 3rd Edition Robin H Lock, Patti Frazer Lock, Kari Lock Morgan, Eric F Lock, Dennis F Lock - Solutions

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