An aqueous solution with a density of 1040 kg/m³ and a viscosity of 1.25 mPa-s is sprayed above the top of a column packed with 2.5 x 2.5 cm Raschig rings. The liquid flow rate is 4,500 kg/m^{2 .} h. 

(a) Estimate the average thickness of the liquid film flowing down over the pieces of packing. Assume 45° for the angle of inclination, and even distribution of the liquid over the top layer of packing. See Table 18.1 for information about the packing. 

(b) What fraction of the column volume is taken up by the liquids? 

(c) If only half the total packing surface is wetted, what is the average thickness of the liquid film?

Table 18.1

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Characteristics of dumped tower packings Type Raschig rings Pall rings Berl saddles Super Intalon saddles IMTP Hy-Pak Material Ceramic Intalos saddles Ceramic Tn-Pac Metal Plastic Ceramic Ceramic Metal Metal Plastic Nominal size, in. 3 1 Bulk density, theft 55 42 43 41 30 24 5.5 4.8 299998281111119 6.2 4.2 Total area,' ft/m 世界RP8378308 全新和成年|||||||名尘车| 112 58 28 63 39 63 39 142 76 46 190 78 59 36 48 Porosity " F, 1₂ 0.64 580 1.52 155 1344 95 1.0 0.74 0.73 0.74 0.94 Packing factory 0.95 40 136 0.96 27 108 0.90 55 1.36 0.91 40 1.35 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.96 65 0901 56 154 0.62 240 158 0.68 110 134 0.71 65 1 0.71 0.73 0.76 0.76 0.79 0.97 0.90 0.93 200 227 92 154 52 1.18 40 1.0 22 064 60 1.54 30 1.0 41 1.74 24 137 18 1.19 45 154 29 136 26 109 28 16