Using figure 9.13 and table 9.4, go through the steps in mutation of a codon followed by its transcription and translation that will give the end result in silent, missense, and nonsense mutations. Why is a change in the RNA code alone not really a mutation?

Figure 9.13 Secore Bune Poribon Penlaanine UCU UCU UGC CysteineU UCA UCO UuO Tryptophano CUC COO CUG Lysne GCU occ OCA Aspartic acid GGU Goc OUC amic acd Table 9.4 Classification of Major Types of Mutations Example I. Wild-type THE BIG BAD DOG ATE THE FAT (original, nonmutated) RED CAT sequence The wild-type sequence of a gene is the DNA sequence found in most organisms and is gencrally considered the "normal" sequence Il. Categories of mutations based on type of DNA alteration A. Substitution mutations 1. Missense THE BIG BAD DOG ATE THE FIT RED CAT A missense mutation causes a different amino acid to be incorporated into a protein. Effects range from unnoticeable to severe, based on how different the two amino acids are THE BIG BAD (stop) 2. Nonsense A nonsense mutation converts a codon to a stop codon, resulting in premature termination of protcin synthesis. Effects of this type of mutation are almost always severe B. Frameshift mutations 1. Insertion THE BIG BAB DDO GAT ETH EFA TRE DCAT 2. Deletion THE BIG BDD OGA TET HEE ATR EDC AT Insertion and deletion mutations cause a change in the reading frame of the mRNA, resulting in a protein in which every amino acid after the mutation is affected. Because of this, frameshift mutations almost always result in a nonfunctional protein