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business
management leadership

Questions and Answers of Management Leadership

Project managers must not only calculate variances but also determine the root cause of the variance. Some variances may be allowable while others must be explained together with a corrective plan
Sometimes, the root cause of a variance requires that variance analysis be performed in both hours and dollars. It is possible that calculating the variances in both hours and dollars is the only way
Projects that span more than one year or cut across the date of corporate salary increases may require the use of forward-pricing rates. Forward-pricing rates are determined from economic data,
Pricing out a customer€™s request for proposal is a trade-off between time, cost, and accuracy. If time and money are not an issue, then we could determine a very accurate bid. But if the
A homeowner hires a contractor to build a four-sided square fence around his home. The homeowner provides the materials and the contractor supplies the labor. The contractor estimates each side will
The data identified below was listed in a project’s latest status report:● BCWS = $36,000● BCWP = $30,000● ACWP = $33,000● BAC = $120,000● Original length of the project 10 monthsUsing
In the problem in Figure, the 50% / 50% rule is being used to determine the project's status. Assume that all amounts are in dollars.Assuming that ACWP = $40,000, determine BCWS, BCWP, BAC, SV, andCV.
In Figures A to C identify the status of part of a project using the graphical technique (i.e. S curves) rather that tables. For each of the three figures, select from one of the following fives
You have $1,000,000 worth of equipment at the job site and wish to minimize your risk of direct property damage by taking out an insurance policy. The insurance company provides you with its
You have been asked to use the expected-value model to assess the risk in developing a new product. Each strategy requires a different sum of money to be invested and produces a different profit
Your company has asked you to determine the financial risks of manufacturing 6,000 units of a product rather than purchasing them from a vendor at $66.50 per unit. The production line will handle
Below are four categories of risk and ways that a company is currently handling the risks. According to Section 17.11, which risk handling options are being used? More than one answer may apply.a. A
A telecommunications firm believes that the majority of its income over the next ten years will come from organizations outside of the United States. More specifically, the income will come from
In the 1970s and 1980s, military organizations took the lead in developing ways to assess total program risk. One approach was to develop a rigorous process for identifying specific technical risk at
As an example of the situation in Problem 17€“6, Figure shows risk categories at the program, subsystem, and functional levels. Starting at the bottom, data are developed for five
With the explosion of computer hardware and software during the 1970s and 1980s, companies began developing models to assess the technical risk for the computer hardware and software effort. One such
Figure shows a probability-impact (or risk mapping) matrix that is frequently used as part of the risk analysis prioritization process. Here, ordinal probability-of-occurrence and
When a learning curve is plotted on ordinary graph paper, the curve appears to level off. But when the curve is plotted on log-log paper, it appears that the improvements can go on forever. How do
A company is performing on an 85 percent learning curve. If the first unit requires 620 hours, how much time will be required for the 300th unit?
A company working on a 75 percent learning curve has decided that the production standard should be 85 hours of production for the 100th unit. How much time should be required for the first unit? If
A company has just received a contract for 700 units of a certain product. The pricing department has predicted that the first unit should require 2,250 hours. The pricing department believes that a
If the first unit of production requires 1,200 hours and the 150th unit requires 315 hours, then what learning curve is the company performing at?
A company has decided to bid on a follow-on contract for 500 units of a product. The company has already produced 2,000 units on a 75 percent learning curve. The 2000th unit requires 80 hours of
Referring to question 18–6, how many units of the follow-on contract must be produced before a profit is realized?
A manufacturing company wishes to enter a new market. By the end of next year, the market leader will have produced 16,000 units on an 80 percent learning curve, and the yearend price is expected to
Rylon Corporation is an assembler of electrical components. The company estimates that for the next year, the demand will be 800 units. The company is performing on an 80 percent learning curve. The
Why is international business much more complex today than it was twenty years ago?
What is the nature of global competition?
Does international trade accurately reflect the nature of global competition?
Why are consumption patterns similar across industrialized countries despite cultural differences?
How is global marketing different from international marketing?
Why do you think a company should or should not market the same product in the same way around the world?
What is proactive standardization?
How is the Internet reshaping the nature of global marketing?
The United States and Japan, the two largest economies in the world, are also the largest importers and exporters of goods and services. However, imports and exports put together comprise only 20 to
Merchandise trade today accounts for less than 2 percent of all the foreign exchange transactions around the world. Can one deduce that merchandise plays an insignificant role in today’s economies?
Globalization involves the organization-wide development of a global perspective. This global perspective requires globally thinking managers. Although the benefits of globalization have received
The e-commerce business in China has entered a golden period, with transaction volume of online trading reaching 21.86 billion yuan (US$2.64 billion) in 2004. With 94 million Internet users, more
What are some of the visible signs that reflect the current increased economic interdependence among countries? What are some reasons for this growth in interdependence and for the rise in global
What is GATT, and what is its role in international transactions?
How is the WTO different from GATT? What functions is WTO expected to perform?
In what ways have the U.S. foreign direct investment and trade patterns changed over the past decade?
Cooperative inter-relationships between countries (regional groupings) can be classified into five broad categories. What are these categories, and how do they differ from each other?
Do current measures of balance of payments accurately reflect a country’s transactions with the rest of the world? What are the concerns?
What challenges do the content creators and information providers face due to the advent and popularity of the electronic media? Are there current mechanisms to protect their rights? What are the
What are some of the forces influencing the increase in size of multinational corporations? Are there any forces that are influencing them to downsize?
Recently in response to a dispute with both the U.S. and the EU’s possible action toward imposing tariffs on cheap textile products from China, China took countermeasure actions to exclude those
Today, some 150 million EU citizens shop online from websites such as Amazon.com and eBay, spending on average $1248 (800 euros) per capita. However, only one-fifth of them buy goods and services
Which international currency or currencies are likely to assume increasingly a role as the international transaction currency in international trade? Why?
Why is a fixed exchange rate regime that promotes the stability of the currency value inherently unstable?
Discuss the primary roles of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank.
What is the managed float?
How does a currency bloc help a multinational company’s global operations?
Describe in your own words how knowledge of the spot and forward exchange rate market helps international marketers.
Why is the exchange rate pass-through usually less than perfect (i.e., less than 100 percent)?
Define the four types of balance of payments measures.
Describe the sequence of events that took place to cause the Asian financial crisis in the late 1990s.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of having euro as a common currency in the European Union?
How does language complicate the tasks of global marketers?
Describe the importance of reference groups in international marketing.
What can marketers do to launch new products in countries that tend to resist change?
How do high-context cultures differ from low-context ones?
What are some possible issues in applying Hofstede’s classification scheme in a global marketing context?
Focus group research conducted by advertising agencies like Leo Burnett shows that Asia’s youngsters (the proverbial Xgeneration) mimic American trends, but at the same time, they are pretty
What are some of the possible infrastructural roadblocks (e.g., in terms of transportation, storage) that ice cream manufacturer would face in South East Asia?
One of the cultural dimensions singled out by Hofstede is the individualism/collectivism distinction. What would this categorization imply in terms of setting up a sales force for international
Countries showing strong uncertainty avoidance such as France, Germany, and Italy have witnessed a rise in the consumption of mineral water since 1970. In fact, according to one study, the
Download the results for the 2005 Global Sex Survey results from the Durex website (www.durex.com/us/gss2005result.pdf). The survey interviewed more than 317,000 people from 41 countries about their
Certain Muslim countries like Saudi Arabia do not allow advertisers to show a frontal picture of a woman with her hair. This creates a challenge for companies like Unilever or Procter & Gamble that
A survey conducted by the Thailand Marketing Research Society (TMRS) among 1200 Thai youngsters (13 to 18 years) in the summer of 2002 showed that loss of ‘‘Thai identity’’ was picked as one
Describe with examples the role of governments in promoting national interests pertaining to business activities.
How do host country macroeconomic and fiscal policies affect foreign company operations?
What are the factors that international managers should consider in determining the economic and political risks associated with a country?
International law is derived from three sources. What are these three? Compare and contrast them.
Briefly describe the various types of local legal systems. How do differences in these legal systems affect international business?
Enumerate some of the legal issues that international business managers need to take cognizance of in host countries.
Describe the various types of barriers to international trade and investment.
The term, bribery, sounds bad. How about kickbacks, tips, contingency fees, consultation fees, etc? Terms vary, objectives to be accomplished by not-so-easy-to-define payments vary, and to whom such
KFC, a fast-food operator, faced immense resistance from some politically active consumer groups when it opened its operations in India. One group proclaimed that opening KFC outlets in the country
The entertainment industry has been warring for years to combat computers and the Internet to copy and transmit music and movies. The biggest winner has been consumers who pay very little or nothing
An extension of the antitrust laws into the arena of international trade has taken the form of anti-dumping laws, which have been enacted by most Western countries, and which are increasingly being
Unfortunately, intellectual property law cannot protect the business everywhere. For example, there is a flood of cheap imitations of Japanese motorcycles on the Chinese market, and Honda Motor
What are the major benefits and limitations of omnibus surveys?
What is the notion of ‘‘triangulation’’ in global market research?
Discuss the major issues in running focus group discussions in an international context.
Discuss why market size estimates may differ depending on the method being used. How can such differences be reconciled?
Contrast the emic versus the etic approach in international marketing research.
Chapter 6 suggests two ways to select countries for multi-country market research projects: (1) Start with a preliminary research in each one of them or (2) Cluster the countries and pick one
In most cases, standard data collection methods are still mail, phone, or personal interviewing. Tokyu Agency, Tokyo, a Japanese ad agency, has started using the Internet to find out how Japanese
Clarion Marketing and Communications, a Connecticut based marketing research firm, recently launched Global Focus, a technique that allows companies to run focus groups in different countries that
When developing a survey instrument for a cross-country study, market researchers often need to construct a scale (e. g., a 7-point disagree/agree scale). What are the major items that one should be
Download the Durex Global Sex Survey (GSS) (www.durex.com/cm/gss2005results.asp). The survey was conducted online via the durex.com website. Durex claims that their survey is the largest sexual
Under what conditions should companies pursue universal market segments?
What are the major issues in using per capita GDP or GNP as a country segmentation criterion?
Discuss the weaknesses of lifestyle based segmentation schemes. For what kind of applications would lifestyle segmentation be appropriate?
Sometimes local brands use a global consumer culture positioning approach. Explain.
In a host of emerging markets (e.g., India, Brazil, Thailand), 50+ percent of the population is under 25 years old. One marketer observes: ‘‘teenagers are teenagers everywhere and they tend to
One phenomenon in scores of emerging markets is a rising middle class. In a recent Ad Age International article (October 17, 1994) on the global middle class, one analyst referred to this phenomenon
How are the developments in information technology impacting firms’ global strategies?
What are the various factors/forces/drivers that determine the globalization potential of industries? How do global industries differ from multi-domestic industries?

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