At what atomic number does the second crossing of the 3d and 4s orbital energies occur in Fig. 11.2? Take account of the logarithmic scale. (Atomic spectral data show that the crossing actually occurs between 20 and 21.)

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1.0 10 100 7d 6g-6/ 6s 4f 4s- 3d 3d 7p 25 2p 6p L.O 3d 6s 4s 10 3d 1s 100 10 10 100