Determine whether or not each of the following sets of numbers is a ring under ordinary addition

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Determine whether or not each of the following sets of numbers is a ring under ordinary addition and multiplication.
a) R = the set of positive integers and zero
b) R = {kn|n ∈ Z, k a fixed positive integer}
c) R = (a + b√2 |a,b ∈ Z)
d) R = {a + b √2 + c√3|a ∈ Z, b,c ∈ Q
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