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mechanical engineering

Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach 8th edition Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles - Solutions

A piston€“cylinder device contains 0.85 kg of refrigerant- 134a at 10°C. The piston that is free to move has a mass of 12 kg and a diameter of 25 cm. The local atmospheric pressure is 88 kPa. Now, heat is transferred to refrigerant-134a until the temperature is 15°C. Determine (a)
The temperature in a pressure cooker during cooking at sea level is measured to be 250°F. Determine the absolute pressure inside the cooker in psia and in atm. Would you modify your answer if the place were at a higher elevation?
The atmospheric pressure at a location is usually specified at standard conditions, but it changes with the weather conditions. As the weather forecasters frequently state, the atmospheric pressure drops during stormy weather and it rises during clear and sunny days. If the pressure difference
A person cooks a meal in a 30-cm-diameter pot that is covered with a well-fitting lid and lets the food cool to the room temperature of 20°C. The total mass of the food and the pot is 8 kg. Now the person tries to open the pan by lifting the lid up. Assuming no air has leaked into the pan during
Water is to be boiled at sea level in a 30-cm-diameter stainless steel pan placed on top of a 3€“kW electric burner. If 60 percent of the heat generated by the burner is transferred to the water during boiling, determine the rate of evaporation of water.
Repeat Prob. 3–41 for a location at an elevation of 1500 m where the atmospheric pressure is 84.5 kPa and thus the boiling temperature of water is 95°C.
Water is boiled at 1 atm pressure in a 25-cm-internaldiameter stainless steel pan on an electric range. If it is observed that the water level in the pan drops by 10 cm in 45 min, determine the rate of heat transfer to the pan.
Repeat Prob. 3–43 for a location at 2000-m elevation where the standard atmospheric pressure is 79.5 kPa.
Saturated steam coming off the turbine of a steam power plant at 30°C condenses on the outside of a 3-cmouter- diameter, 35-m-long tube at a rate of 45 kg/h. Determine the rate of heat transfer from the steam to the cooling water flowing through the pipe.
The average atmospheric pressure in Denver (elevation = 1610 m) is 83.4 kPa. Determine the temperature at which water in an uncovered pan boils in Denver. Answer: 94.6°C.
Water in a 5-cm-deep pan is observed to boil at 98°C. At what temperature will the water in a 40-cm-deep pan boil? Assume both pans are full of water.
A cooking pan whose inner diameter is 20 cm is filled with water and covered with a 4-kg lid. If the local atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa, determine the temperature at which the water starts boiling when it is heated.
Reconsider Prob. 3–48. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the mass of the lid on the boiling temperature of water in the pan. Let the mass vary from 1 kg to 10 kg. Plot the boiling temperature against the mass of the lid, and discuss the results.
Water is being heated in a vertical piston–cylinder device. The piston has a mass of 20 kg and a cross-sectional area of 100 cm2. If the local atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa, determine the temperature at which the water starts boiling.
A rigid tank with a volume of 2.5 m3 contains 15 kg of saturated liquid–vapor mixture of water at 75°C. Now the water is slowly heated. Determine the temperature at which the liquid in the tank is completely vaporized. Also, show the process on a T-v diagram with respect to saturation lines.
A rigid vessel contains 2 kg of refrigerant-134a at 800 kPa and 120°C. Determine the volume of the vessel and the total internal energy. Answers: 0.0753 m3, 655.7 kJ
A 5-ft3 rigid tank contains 5 lbm of water at 20 psia. Determine (a) The temperature, (b) The total enthalpy, and (c) The mass of each phase of water.
A 0.5-m3 vessel contains 10 kg of refrigerant-134a at -20°C. Determine (a) The pressure, (b) The total internal energy, and (c) The volume occupied by the liquid phase.
A piston€“cylinder device contains 0.1 m3 of liquid water and 0.9 m3 of water vapor in equilibrium at 800 kPa. Heat is transferred at constant pressure until the temperature reaches 350°C.(a) What is the initial temperature of the water?(b) Determine the total mass of the water.(c)
Reconsider Prob. 3–55. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of pressure on the total mass of water in the tank. Let the pressure vary from 0.1 MPa to 1 MPa. Plot the total mass of water against pressure, and discuss the results. Also, show the process in Prob. 3–55 on a P-v
Superheated water vapor at 180 psia and 500°F is allowed to cool at constant volume until the temperature drops to 250°F. At the final state, determine (a) The pressure, (b) The quality, and (c) The enthalpy. Also, show the process on a T-v diagram with respect to saturation lines.
Reconsider Prob. 3–57E Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of initial pressure on the quality of water at the final state. Let the pressure vary from 100 psi to 300 psi. Plot the quality against initial pressure, and discuss the results. Also, show the process in Prob. 3–57E
A piston–cylinder device initially contains 50 L of liquid water at 40°C and 200 kPa. Heat is transferred to the water at constant pressure until the entire liquid is vaporized. (a) What is the mass of the water? (b) What is the final temperature? (c) Determine the total enthalpy change. (d)
A 0.3-m3 rigid vessel initially contains saturated liquid– vapor mixture of water at 150°C. The water is now heated until it reaches the critical state. Determine the mass of the liquid water and the volume occupied by the liquid at the initial state.
Determine the specific volume, internal energy, and enthalpy of compressed liquid water at 100°C and 15 MPa using the saturated liquid approximation. Compare these values to the ones obtained from the compressed liquid tables.
Reconsider Prob. 3–61. Using EES (or other) software, determine the indicated properties of compressed liquid, and compare them to those obtained using the saturated liquid approximation.
A 15-ft3 rigid tank contains a saturated mixture of refrigerant-134a at 50 psia. If the saturated liquid occupies 20 percent of the volume, determine the quality and the total mass of the refrigerant in the tank.
A piston–cylinder device contains 0.8 kg of steam at 300°C and 1 MPa. Steam is cooled at constant pressure until one-half of the mass condenses. (b) Find the final temperature. (c) Determine the volume change.
A rigid tank contains water vapor at 250°C and an unknown pressure. When the tank is cooled to 150°C, the vapor starts condensing. Estimate the initial pressure in the tank. Answer: 0.60 MPa
Water is boiled in a pan covered with a poorly fitting lid at a specified location. Heat is supplied to the pan by a 2-kW resistance heater. The amount of water in the pan is observed to decrease by 1.19 kg in 30 minutes. If it is estimated that 75 percent of electricity consumed by the heater is
A rigid tank initially contains 1.4-kg saturated liquid water at 200°C. At this state, 25 percent of the volume is occupied by water and the rest by air. Now heat is supplied to the water until the tank contains saturated vapor only. Determine (a) the volume of the tank, (b) the final
A piston€“cylinder device initially contains steam at 3.5 MPa, superheated by 5°C. Now, steam loses heat to the surroundings and the piston moves down hitting a set of stops at which point the cylinder contains saturated liquid water. The cooling continues until the cylinder contains
Propane and methane are commonly used for heating in winter, and the leakage of these fuels, even for short periods, poses a fire danger for homes. Which gas leakage do you think poses a greater risk for fire? Explain.
Under what conditions is the ideal-gas assumption suitable for real gases?
What is the difference between R and Ru? How are these two related?
What is the difference between mass and molar mass? How are these two related?
A spherical balloon with a diameter of 6 m is filled with helium at 20°C and 200 kPa. Determine the mole number and the mass of the helium in the balloon.
Reconsider Prob. 3–73. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the balloon diameter on the mass of helium contained in the balloon for the pressures of (a) 100 kPa and (b) 200 kPa. Let the diameter vary from 5 m to 15 m. Plot the mass of helium against the diameter for both cases.
The pressure in an automobile tire depends on the temperature of the air in the tire. When the air temperature is 25°C, the pressure gage reads 210 kPa. If the volume of the tire is 0.025 m3, determine the pressure rise in the tire when the air temperature in the tire rises to 50°C. Also,
The air in an automobile tire with a volume of 0.53 ft3 is at 90°F and 20 psig. Determine the amount of air that must be added to raise the pressure to the recommended value of 30 psig. Assume the atmospheric pressure to be 14.6 psia and the temperature and the volume to remain constant.
The pressure gage on a 2.5-m3 oxygen tank reads 500 kPa. Determine the amount of oxygen in the tank if the temperature is 28°C and the atmospheric pressure is 97 kPa.
A rigid tank contains 20 lbm of air at 20 psia and 70°F. More air is added to the tank until the pressure and temperature rise to 35 psia and 90°F, respectively. Determine the amount of air added to the tank.
A 400-L rigid tank contains 5 kg of air at 25°C. Determine the reading on the pressure gage if the atmospheric pressure is 97 kPa.
A 1-m3 tank containing air at 25°C and 500 kPa is connected through a valve to another tank containing 5 kg of air at 35°C and 200 kPa. Now the valve is opened, and the entire system is allowed to reach thermal equilibrium with the surroundings, which are at 20°C. Determine the volume of the
What is the physical significance of the compressibility factor Z?
What is the principle of corresponding states?
How are the reduced pressure and reduced temperature defined?
Determine the specific volume of superheated water vapor at 10 MPa and 400°C, using (a) The ideal-gas equation, (b) The generalized compressibility chart, and (c) The steam tables. Also determine the error involved in the first two cases.
Reconsider Prob. 3–84. Solve the problem using the generalized compressibility factor feature of the EES software. Again using EES, compare the specific volume of water for the three cases at 10 MPa over the temperature range of 325 to 600°C in 25°C intervals. Plot the percent error involved in
Determine the specific volume of refrigerant-134a vapor at 0.9 MPa and 70°C based on (a) The ideal-gas equation, (b) The generalized compressibility chart, and (c) Data from tables. Also, determine the error involved in the first two cases.
Determine the specific volume of nitrogen gas at 10 MPa and 150 K based on (a) the ideal-gas equation and (b) the generalized compressibility chart. Compare these results with the experimental value of 0.002388 m3/kg, and determine the error involved in each case.
Determine the specific volume of superheated water vapor at 3.5 MPa and 450°C based on (a) The ideal-gas equation, (b) The generalized compressibility chart, and (c) The steam tables. Deter mine the error involved in the first two cases.
Refrigerant-134a at 400 psia has a specific volume of 0.13853 ft3/lbm. Determine the temperature of the refrigerant based on (a) The ideal-gas equation, (b) The generalized compressibility chart, and (c) The refrigerant tables.
A 0.016773-m3 tank contains 1 kg of refrigerant-134a at 110°C. Determine the pressure of the refrigerant, using (a) The ideal-gas equation, (b) The generalized compressibility chart, and (c) The refrigerant tables. Answers: (a) 1.861 MPa, (b) 1.583 MPa, (c) 1.6 MPa
Somebody claims that oxygen gas at 160 K and 3 MPa can be treated as an ideal gas with an error of less than 10 percent. Is this claim valid?
What is the percentage of error involved in treating carbon dioxide at 3 MPa and 10°C as an ideal gas?
What is the percentage of error involved in treating carbon dioxide at 7 MPa and 380 K as an ideal gas?
Carbon dioxide gas enters a pipe at 3 MPa and 500 K at a rate of 2 kg/s. CO2 is cooled at constant pressure as it flows in the pipe and the temperature CO2 drops to 450 K at the exit. Determine the volume flow rate and the density of carbon dioxide at the inlet and the volume flow rate at the exit
What is the physical significance of the two constants that appear in the van der Waals equation of state? On what basis are they determined?
A 3.27-m3 tank contains 100 kg of nitrogen at 175 K. Determine the pressure in the tank, using (a) The ideal-gas equation, (b) The van der Waals equation, and (c) The Beattie-Bridgman equation. Compare your results with the actual value of 1505 kPa.
A 1-m3 tank contains 2.841 kg of steam at 0.6 MPa. Determine the temperature of the steam, using (a) The ideal gas equation, (b) The van der Waals equation, and (c) The steam tables. Answers: (a) 457.6 K, (b) 465.9 K, (c) 473 K
Reconsider Prob. 3–97. Solve the problem using EES (or other) software. Again using the EES, compare the temperature of water for the three cases at constant specific volume over the pressure range of 0.1 MPa to 1 MPa in 0.1 MPa increments. Plot the percent error involved in the ideal-gas
Refrigerant-134a at 100 psia has a specific volume of 0.54022 ft3/lbm. Determine the temperature of the refrigerant based on (a) The ideal-gas equation, (b) The van der Waals equation, and (c) The refrigerant tables.
Nitrogen at 150 K has a specific volume of 0.041884 m3/kg, determine the pressure of the nitrogen, using (a) The ideal-gas equation and (b) The Beattie- Bridgman equation. Compare your results to the experimental value of 1000 kPa.
Reconsider Prob. 3–100. Using EES (or other) software, compare the pressure results of the ideal-gas and Beattie-Bridgeman equations with nitrogen data supplied by EES. Plot temperature versus specific volume for a pressure of 1000 kPa with respect to the saturated liquid and saturated vapor
Consider a glass of water in a room that is at 20°C and 60 percent relative humidity. If the water temperature is 15°C, determine the vapor pressure (a) At the free surface of the water and (b) At a location in the room far from the glass.
During a hot summer day at the beach when the air temperature is 30°C, someone claims the vapor pressure in the air to be 5.2 kPa. Is this claim reasonable?
On a certain day, the temperature and relative humidity of air over a large swimming pool are measured to be 20°C and 40 percent, respectively. Determine the water temperature of the pool when phase equilibrium conditions are established between the water in the pool and the vapor in the air.
Consider two rooms that are identical except that one is maintained at 30°C and 40 percent relative humidity while the other is maintained at 20°C and 70 percent relative humidity. Noting that the amount of moisture is proportional to the vapor pressure, determine which room contains more
A thermos bottle is half-filled with water and is left open to the atmospheric air at 70°F and 35 percent relative humidity. If heat transfer to the water through the thermos walls and the free surface is negligible, determine the temperature of water when phase equilibrium is established.
During a hot summer day when the air temperature is 35°C and the relative humidity is 70 percent, you buy a supposedly “cold” canned drink from a store. The store owner claims that the temperature of the drink is below 10°C. Yet the drink does not feel so cold and you are skeptical since you
The combustion in a gasoline engine may be approximated by a constant volume heat addition process. There exists the air€“fuel mixture in the cylinder before the combustion and the combustion gases after it, and both may be approximated as air, an ideal gas. In a gasoline engine, the
A rigid tank contains an ideal gas at 300 kPa and 600 K. Now half of the gas is withdrawn from the tank and the gas is found at 100 kPa at the end of the process. Determine (a) the final temperature of the gas and (b) the final pressure if no mass was withdrawn from the tank and the same final
Carbon-dioxide gas at 3 MPa and 500 K flows steadily in a pipe at a rate of 0.4 kmol/s, Determine (a) the volume and mass flow rates and the density of carbon dioxide at this state. If CO2 is cooled at constant pressure as it flows in the pipe so that the temperature of CO2 drops to 450 K at the
A piston€“cylinder device initially contains 0.2 kg of steam at 200 kPa and 300°C. Now, the steam is cooled at constant pressure until it is at 150°C. Determine the volume change of the cylinder during this process using the compressibility factor and compare the result to the
Combustion in a diesel engine may be modeled as a constant-pressure heat addition process with air in the cylinder before and after combustion. Consider a diesel engine with cylinder conditions of 950 K and 75 cm3 before combustion, and 150 cm3 after it. The engine operates with an air€“fuel
On the property diagrams indicated below, sketch (not to scale) with respect to the saturated liquid and saturated vapor lines and label the following processes and states for steam. Use arrows to indicate the direction of the process, and label the initial and final states: (a) On the P-v diagram
The gage pressure of an automobile tire is measured to be 200 kPa before a trip and 220 kPa after the trip at a location where the atmospheric pressure is 90 kPa. Assuming the volume of the tire remains constant at 0.035 m3, determine the percent increase in the absolute temperature of the air in
Although balloons have been around since 1783 when the first balloon took to the skies in France, a real breakthrough in ballooning occurred in 1960 with the design of the modern hot-air balloon fueled by inexpensive propane and constructed of lightweight nylon fabric. Over the years, ballooning
Reconsider Prob. 3–115. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the environment temperature on the average air temperature in the balloon when the balloon is suspended in the air. Assume the environment temperature varies from -10 to 30°C. Plot the average air temperature in the
Consider an 18-m-diameter hot-air balloon that, together with its cage, has a mass of 120 kg when empty. The air in the balloon, which is now carrying two 70-kg people, is heated by propane burners at a location where the atmospheric pressure and temperature are 93 kPa and 12°C, respectively.
Water in a pressure cooker is observed to boil at 260°F. What is the absolute pressure in the pressure cooker, in psia?
A rigid tank with a volume of 0.117 m3 contains 1 kg of refrigerant-134a vapor at 240 kPa. The refrigerant is now allowed to cool. Determine the pressure when the refrigerant first starts condensing. Also, show the process on a P-v diagram with respect to saturation lines.
A 4-L rigid tank contains 2 kg of saturated liquid€“vapor mixture of water at 50°C. The water is now slowly heated until it exists in a single phase. At the final state, will the water be in the liquid phase or the vapor phase? What would your answer be if the volume of the tank were
A 10-kg mass of superheated refrigerant-134a at 1.2 MPa and 70°C is cooled at constant pressure until it exists as a compressed liquid at 20°C. (b) Determine the change in volume. (c) Find the change in total internal energy.
A 0.5-m3 rigid tank containing hydrogen at 20°C and 600 kPa is connected by a valve to another 0.5-m3 rigid tank that holds hydrogen at 30°C and 150 kPa. Now the valve is opened and the system is allowed to reach thermal equilibrium with the surroundings, which are at 15°C. Determine the final
Reconsider Prob. 3–122. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the surroundings temperature on the final equilibrium pressure in the tanks. Assume the surroundings temperature to vary from -10 to 30°C. Plot the final pressure in the tanks versus the surroundings temperature,
A 20-m3 tank contains nitrogen at 23°C and 600 kPa. Some nitrogen is allowed to escape until the pressure in the tank drops to 400 kPa. If the temperature at this point is 20°C, determine the amount of nitrogen that has escaped.
Steam at 400°C has a specific volume of 0.02 m3/kg determine the pressure of the steam based on (a) The ideal gas equation, (b) The generalized compressibility chart, and (c) The steam tables.
A tank whose volume is unknown is divided into two parts by a partition. One side of the tank contains 0.01 m3 of refrigerant-134a that is a saturated liquid at 0.8 MPa, while the other side is evacuated. The partition is now removed, and the refrigerant fills the entire tank. If the final state of
Reconsider Prob. 3–126. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the initial pressure of refrigerant-134a on the volume of the tank. Let the initial pressure vary from 0.5 to 1.5 MPa. Plot the volume of the tank versus the initial pressure, and discuss the results.
Liquid propane is commonly used as a fuel for heating homes, powering vehicles such as forklifts, and filling portable picnic tanks. Consider a propane tank that initially contains 5 L of liquid propane at the environment temperature of 20°C. If a hole develops in the connecting tube of a
Repeat Prob. 3–128 for isobutene.
A tank contains helium at 100°C and 10 kPa gage the helium is heated in a process by heat transfer from the surroundings such that the helium reaches a final equilibrium state at 300°C. Determine the final gage pressure of the helium. Assume atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa.
A tank contains argon at 600°C and 200 kPa gage the argon is cooled in a process by heat transfer to the surroundings such that the argon reaches a final equilibrium state at 300°C. Determine the final gage pressure of the argon. Assume atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa.
Complete the blank cells in the following table of properties of steam. In the last column describe the condition of steam as compressed liquid, saturated mixture, superheated vapor, or insufficient information; and, if applicable, give
Complete the blank cells in the following table of properties of refrigerant-134a. In the last column describe the condition of refrigerant-134a as compressed liquid, saturated mixture, superheated vapor, or insufficient information; and, if applicable, give the quality.
On the property diagrams indicated below, sketch (not to scale) with respect to the saturated liquid and saturated vapor lines and label the following processes and states for refrigerant-134a. Use arrows to indicate the direction of the process, and label the initial and final states: (a) On the
A rigid tank contains 6 kg of an ideal gas at 3 atm and 40°C. Now a valve is opened, and half of mass of the gas is allowed to escape. If the final pressure in the tank is 2.2 atm, the final temperature in the tank is (a) 186°C (b) 59° (c) -43°C (d) 20°C (e) 230°C
The pressure of an automobile tire is measured to be 190 kPa (gage) before a trip and 215 kPa (gage) after the trip at a location where the atmospheric pressure is 95 kPa. If the temperature of air in the tire before the trip is 25°C, the air temperature after the trip is (a) 51.1°C (b)

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