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Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach 8th edition Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles - Solutions

A 300-m3 rigid tank is filled with saturated liquid– vapor mixture of water at 200 kPa. If 25 percent of the mass is liquid and 75 percent of the mass is vapor, the total mass in the tank is (a) 451 kg (b) 556 kg (c) 300 kg (d) 331 kg (e) 195 kg
Water is boiled at 1 atm pressure in a coffee maker equipped with an immersion-type electric heating element. The coffee maker initially contains 1 kg of water. Once boiling started, it is observed that half of the water in the coffee maker evaporated in 18 minutes. If the heat loss from the coffee
A 1-m3 rigid tank contains 10 kg of water (in any phase or phases) at 160°C. The pressure in the tank is (a) 738 kPa (d) 2000 MPa (b) 618 kPa (e) 1618 kPa (c) 370 kPa
Water is boiling at 1 atm pressure in a stainless steel pan on an electric range. It is observed that 2 kg of liquid water evaporates in 30 min. The rate of heat transfer to the water is (a) 2.51 kW (d) 0.47 kW (b) 2.32 kW (e) 3.12 kW (c) 2.97 kW
Water is boiled in a pan on a stove at sea level. During 10 min of boiling, it is observed that 200 g of water has evaporated. Then the rate of heat transfer to the water is (a) 0.84 kJ/min (d) 53.5 kJ/min (b) 45.1 kJ/min (e) 225.7 kJ/min (c) 41.8 kJ/min
A 3-m3 rigid vessel contains steam at 10 MPa and 500°C. The mass of the steam is (a) 3.0 kg (b) 19 kg (c) 84 kg (d) 91 kg (e) 130 kg
Consider a sealed can that is filled with refrigerant- 134a. The contents of the can are at the room temperature of 25°C. Now a leak develops, and the pressure in the can drops to the local atmospheric pressure of 90 kPa. The temperature of the refrigerant in the can is expected to drop to
On a P-v diagram, what does the area under the process curve represent?
Is the boundary work associated with constant-volume systems always zero?
An ideal gas at a given state expands to a fixed final volume first at constant pressure and then at constant temperature. For which case is the work done greater?
Show that 1 kPa • m3 = 1 kJ.
A piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.07 m3 of nitrogen gas at 130 kPa and 120°C. The nitrogen is now expanded polytropically to a state of 100 kPa and 100°C. Determine the boundary work done during this process.
A piston€“cylinder device with a set of stops initially contains 0.3 kg of steam at 1.0 MPa and 400°C. The location of the stops corresponds to 60 percent of the initial volume. Now the steam is cooled. Determine the compression work if the final state is(a) 1.0 MPa and 250°C
A piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.07 m3 of nitrogen gas at 130 kPa and 120°C. The nitrogen is now expanded to a pressure of 100 kPa polytropically with a poly tropic exponent whose value is equal to the specific heat ratio (called isentropic expansion). Determine the final
A mass of 5 kg of saturated water vapor at 300 kPa is heated at constant pressure until the temperature reaches 200°C. Calculate the work done by the steam during this process.
A frictionless piston€“cylinder device initially contains 200 L of saturated liquid refrigerant-134a. The piston is free to move, and its mass is such that it maintains a pressure of 900 kPa on the refrigerant. The refrigerant is now heated until its temperature rises to 70°C.
Reconsider Prob. 4–9. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of pressure on the work done. Let the pressure vary from 400 kPa to 1200 kPa. Plot the work done versus the pressure, and discuss the results. Explain why the plot is not linear. Also plot the process described in Prob.
A frictionless piston–cylinder device contains 16 lbm of superheated water vapor at 40 psia and 600°F. Steam is now cooled at constant pressure until 70 percent of it, by mass, condenses. Determine the work done during this process.
A mass of 2.4 kg of air at 150 kPa and 12°C is contained in a gas-tight, frictionless piston–cylinder device. The air is now compressed to a final pressure of 600 kPa. During the process, heat is transferred from the air such that the temperature inside the cylinder remains constant. Calculate
Nitrogen at an initial state of 300 K, 150 kPa, and 0.2 m3 is compressed slowly in an isothermal process to a final pressure of 800 kPa. Determine the work done during this process.
A gas is compressed from an initial volume of 0.42 m3 to a final volume of 0.12 m3. During the quasi-equilibrium process, the pressure changes with volume according to the relation P = aV + b, where a = -1200 kPa/m3 and b = 600 kPa. Calculate the work done during this process (a) By plotting the
During an expansion process, the pressure of a gas changes from 15 to 100 psia according to the relation P = aV + b, where a = 5 psia/ft3 and b is a constant. If the initial volume of the gas is 7 ft3, calculate the work done during the process.
During some actual expansion and compression processes in piston–cylinder devices, the gases have been observed to satisfy the relationship PVn = C, where n and C are constants. Calculate the work done when a gas expands from 150 kPa and 0.03 m3 to a final volume of 0.2 m3 for the case of n = 1.3.
Reconsider Prob. 4–16. Using the EES (or other) software, plot the process described in the problem on a P-V diagram, and investigate the effect of the polytropic exponent n on the boundary work. Let the polytropic exponent vary from 1.1 to 1.6. Plot the boundary work versus the polytropic
A frictionless piston€“cylinder device contains 2 kg of nitrogen at 100 kPa and 300 K. Nitrogen is now compressed slowly according to the relation PV1.4 = constant until it reaches a final temperature of 360 K. Calculate the work input during this process.
The equation of state of a gas is given as (P + 10/ 2) = RuT, where the units of and P are m3/kmol and kPa, respectively. Now 0.5 kmol of this gas is expanded in a quasi-equilibrium manner from 2 to 4 m3 at a constant temperature of 300 K. Determine (a) The unit of the quantity 10 in the equation
4–20 Reconsider Prob. 4–19. Using the integration feature of the EES software, calculate the work done, and compare your result with the “hand-calculated” result obtained in Prob. 4–19. Plot the process described in the problem on a P-v diagram.
Carbon dioxide contained in a piston–cylinder device is compressed from 0.3 to 0.1 m3. During the process, the pressure and volume are related by P = aV-2, where a = 8 kPa • m6. Calculate the work done on the carbon dioxide during this process.
Hydrogen is contained in a piston–cylinder device at 14.7 psia and 15 ft3. At this state, a linear spring (F ∞ x) with a spring constant of 15,000 lbf/ft is touching the piston but exerts no force on it. The cross-sectional area of the piston is 3 ft2. Heat is transferred to the hydrogen,
A piston€“cylinder device contains 50 kg of water at 250 kPa and 25°C. The cross-sectional area of the piston is 0.1 m2. Heat is now transferred to the water, causing part of it to evaporate and expand. When the volume reaches 0.2 m3, the piston reaches a linear spring whose spring
Reconsider Prob. 4–23. Using the EES software, investigate the effect of the spring constant on the final pressure in the cylinder and the boundary work done. Let the spring constant vary from 50 kN/m to 500 kN/m. Plot the final pressure and the boundary work against the spring constant, and
Determine the boundary work done by a gas during an expansion process if the pressure and volume values at various states are measured to be 300 kPa, 1 L; 290 kPa, 1.1 L; 270 kPa, 1.2 L; 250 kPa, 1.4 L; 220 kPa, 1.7 L; and 200 kPa, 2 L.
A piston€“cylinder device initially contains 0.25 kg of nitrogen gas at 130 kPa and 120°C. The nitrogen is now expanded isothermally to a pressure of 100 kPa. Determine the boundary work done during this process.
A piston–cylinder device contains 0.15 kg of air initially at 2 MPa and 350°C. The air is first expanded isothermally to 500 kPa, then compressed polytropically with a polytropic exponent of 1.2 to the initial pressure, and finally compressed at the constant pressure to the initial state.
A 0.5-m3 rigid tank contains refrigerant-134a initially at 160 kPa and 40 percent quality. Heat is now transferred to the refrigerant until the pressure reaches 700 kPa. Determine (a) The mass of the refrigerant in the tank and (b) The amount of heat transferred. Also, show the process on a P-v
A 20-ft3 rigid tank initially contains saturated refrigerant- 134a vapor at 160 psia. As a result of heat transfer from the refrigerant, the pressure drops to 50 psia. Show the process on a P-v diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine (a) the final temperature, (b) the amount of
A well-insulated rigid tank contains 5 kg of a saturated liquid–vapor mixture of water at l00 kPa. Initially, three-quarters of the mass is in the liquid phase. An electric resistor placed in the tank is connected to a 110-V source and a current of 8 A flows through the resistor when the switch
Reconsider Prob. 4–30. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the initial mass of water on the length of time required to completely vaporize the liquid. Let the initial mass vary from 1 to 10 kg. Plot the vaporization time against the initial mass, and discuss the results.
An insulated tank is divided into two parts by a partition. One part of the tank contains 2.5 kg of compressed liquid water at 60°C and 600 kPa while the other part is evacuated. The partition is now removed, and the water expands to fill the entire tank. Determine the final temperature of the
Reconsider Prob. 4–32. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the initial pressure of water on the final temperature in the tank. Let the initial pressure vary from 100 to 600 kPa. Plot the final temperature against the initial pressure, and discuss the results.
A piston–cylinder device contains 5 kg of refrigerant- 134a at 800 kPa and 70°C. The refrigerant is now cooled at constant pressure until it exists as a liquid at 15°C. Determine the amount of heat loss and show the process on a T-v diagram with respect to saturation lines.
A piston–cylinder device contains 0.5 lbm of water initially at 120 psia and 2 ft3. Now 200 Btu of heat is transferred to the water while its pressure is held constant. Determine the final temperature of the water. Also, show the process on a T-v diagram with respect to saturation lines.
An insulated piston–cylinder device contains 5 L of saturated liquid water at a constant pressure of 175 kPa. Water is stirred by a paddle wheel while a current of 8 A flows for 45 min through a resistor placed in the water. If one-half of the liquid is evaporated during this constant pressure
A piston–cylinder device contains steam initially at 1 MPa, 450°C, and 2.5 m3. Steam is allowed to cool at constant pressure until it first starts condensing. Show the process on a T-v diagram with respect to saturation lines and determine (a) The mass of the steam, (b) The final temperature,
A piston–cylinder device initially contains steam at 200 kPa, 200°C, and 0.5 m3. At this state, a linear spring (F x) is touching the piston but exerts no force on it. Heat is now slowly transferred to the steam, causing the pressure and the volume to rise to 500 kPa and 0.6 m3, respectively.
Reconsider Prob. 4–38. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the initial temperature of steam on the final temperature, the work done, and the total heat transfer. Let the initial temperature vary from 150 to 250°C. Plot the final results against the initial temperature, and
A piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.8 m3 of saturated water vapor at 250 kPa. At this state, the piston is resting on a set of stops, and the mass of the piston is such that a pressure of 300 kPa is required to move it. Heat is now slowly transferred to the steam until the volume
Two tanks (Tank A and Tank B) are separated by a partition. Initially Tank A contains 2-kg steam at 1 MPa and 300°C while Tank B contains 3-kg saturated liquid–vapor mixture with a vapor mass fraction of 50 percent. Now the partition is removed and the two sides are allowed to mix until the
A 30-L electrical radiator containing heating oil is placed in a 50-m3 room. Both the room and the oil in the radiator are initially at 10°C. The radiator with a rating of 1.8 kW is now turned on. At the same time, heat is lost from the room at an average rate of 0.35 kJ/s. After some time, the
Is the relation ∆u = mcv, avg ∆T restricted to constant volume processes only, or can it be used for any kind of process of an ideal gas?
Is the relation ∆h = mcp, avg∆T restricted to constant pressure processes only, or can it be used for any kind of process of an ideal gas?
Show that for an ideal gas cp = cv + R u.
Is the energy required to heat air from 295 to 305 K the same as the energy required to heat it from 345 to 355 K? Assume the pressure remains constant in both cases.
In the relation ∆u = mcv ∆T, what is the correct unit of cv — kJ/kg • °C or kJ/kg • K?
A fixed mass of an ideal gas is heated from 50 to 80°C at a constant pressure of (a) 1 atm and (b) 3 atm. For which case do you think the energy required will be greater? Why?
A fixed mass of an ideal gas is heated from 50 to 80°C at a constant volume of (a) 1 m3 and (b) 3 m3. For which case do you think the energy required will be greater? Why?
A fixed mass of an ideal gas is heated from 50 to 80°C (a) at constant volume and (b) at constant pressure. For which case do you think the energy required will be greater? Why?
Determine the enthalpy change ∆h of nitrogen, in kJ/kg, as it is heated from 600 to 1000 K, using (a) The empirical specific heat equation as a function of temperature (Table A–2c), (b) The cp value at the average temperature (Table A–2b), and (c) The cp value at room temperature
Determine the enthalpy change ∆h of oxygen, in Btu/lbm, as it is heated from 800 to 1500 R, using (a) The empirical specific heat equation as a function of temperature (Table A–2Ec), (b) The cp value at the average temperature (Table A–2Eb), and (c) The cp value at room temperature
Determine the internal energy change u of hydrogen, in kJ/kg, as it is heated from 200 to 800 K, using (a) The empirical specific heat equation as a function of temperature (Table A–2c), (b) The CV value at the average temperature (Table A–2b), and (c) The CV value at room temperature
Is it possible to compress an ideal gas isothermally in an adiabatic piston–cylinder device? Explain.
A rigid tank contains 20 lbm of air at 50 psia and 80°F. The air is now heated until its pressure doubles. Determine (a) The volume of the tank and (b) The amount of heat transfer.
A 3-m3 rigid tank contains hydrogen at 250 kPa and 550 K. The gas is now cooled until its temperature drops to 350 K. Determine (a) The final pressure in the tank and (b) The amount of heat transfer.
A 4-m x 5-m x 6-m room is to be heated by a baseboard resistance heater. It is desired that the resistance heater be able to raise the air temperature in the room from 7 to 23°C within 15 min. Assuming no heat losses from the room and an atmospheric pressure of 100 kPa, determine the required
A 4-m x 5-m x 7-m room is heated by the radiator of a steam-heating system. The steam radiator transfers heat at a rate of 10,000 kJ/h and a 100-W fan is used to distribute the warm air in the room. The rate of heat loss from the room is estimated to be about 5000 kJ/h. If the initial temperature
A student living in a 4-m X 6-m X 6-m dormitory room turns on her 150-W fan before she leaves the room on a summer day, hoping that the room will be cooler when she comes back in the evening. Assuming all the doors and windows are tightly closed and disregarding any heat transfer through the walls
A 10-ft3 tank contains oxygen initially at 14.7 psia and 80°F. A paddle wheel within the tank is rotated until the pressure inside rises to 20 psia. During the process 20 Btu of heat is lost to the surroundings. Determine the paddle-wheel work done. Neglect the energy stored in the paddle wheel.
An insulated rigid tank is divided into two equal parts by a partition. Initially, one part contains 4 kg of an ideal gas at 800 kPa and 50°C, and the other part is evacuated. The partition is now removed, and the gas expands into the entire tank. Determine the final temperature and pressure in
A piston–cylinder device whose piston is resting on top of a set of stops initially contains 0.5 kg of helium gas at 100 kPa and 25°C. The mass of the piston is such that 500 kPa of pressure is required to raise it. How much heat must be transferred to the helium before the piston starts rising?
An insulated piston–cylinder device contains 100 L of air at 400 kPa and 25°C. A paddle wheel within the cylinder is rotated until 15 kJ of work is done on the air while the pressure is held constant. Determine the final temperature of the air. Neglect the energy stored in the paddle wheel.
A piston–cylinder device contains 25 ft3 of nitrogen at 40 psia and 700°F. Nitrogen is now allowed to cool at constant pressure until the temperature drops to 200°F. Using specific heats at the average temperature, determine the amount of heat loss.
A mass of 15 kg of air in a piston€“cylinder device is heated from 25 to 77°C by passing current through a resistance heater inside the cylinder. The pressure inside the cylinder is held constant at 300 kPa during the process, and a heat loss of 60 kJ occurs. Determine the electric
An insulated piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.3 m3 of carbon dioxide at 200 kPa and 27°C. An electric switch is turned on, and a 110-V source supplies current to a resistance heater inside the cylinder for a period of 10 min. The pressure is held constant during the process, while the
A piston–cylinder device contains 0.8 kg of nitrogen initially at 100 kPa and 27°C. The nitrogen is now compressed slowly in a polytropic process during which PV1.3 = constant until the volume is reduced by one-half. Determine the work done and the heat transfer for this process.
Reconsider Prob. 4–67. Using EES (or other) software, plot the process described in the problem on a P-V diagram, and investigate the effect of the polytropic exponent n on the boundary work and heat transfer. Let the polytropic exponent vary from 1.1 to 1.6. Plot the boundary work and the heat
A room is heated by a baseboard resistance heater. When the heat losses from the room on a winter day amount to 6500 kJ/h, the air temperature in the room remains constant even though the heater operates continuously. Determine the power rating of the heater, in kW.
A piston–cylinder device contains 3 ft3 of air at 60 psia and 150°F. Heat is transferred to the air in the amount of 40 Btu as the air expands isothermally. Determine the amount of boundary work done during this process.
A piston–cylinder device contains 4 kg of argon at 250 kPa and 35°C. During a quasi-equilibrium, isothermal expansion process, 15 kJ of boundary work is done by the system, and 3 kJ of paddle-wheel work is done on the system. Determine the heat transfer for this process.
A piston–cylinder device, whose piston is resting on a set of stops, initially contains 3 kg of air at 200 kPa and 27°C. The mass of the piston is such that a pressure of 400 kPa is required to move it. Heat is now transferred to the air until its volume doubles. Determine the work done by the
A piston–cylinder device, with a set of stops on the top, initially contains 3 kg of air at 200 kPa and 27°C. Heat is now transferred to the air, and the piston rises until it hits the stops, at which point the volume is twice the initial volume. More heat is transferred until the pressure
In a manufacturing facility, 5-cm-diameter brass balls (r = 8522 kg/m3 and cp = 0.385 kJ/kg €¢ °C) initially at 120°C are quenched in a water bath at 50°C for a period of 2 min at a rate of 100 balls per minute. If the temperature of the balls after quenching is 74°C,
Repeat Prob. 4–74 for aluminum balls.
During a picnic on a hot summer day, all the cold drinks disappeared quickly, and the only available drinks were those at the ambient temperature of 75°F. In an effort to cool a 12-fluid-oz drink in a can, a person grabs the can and starts shaking it in the iced water of the chest at 32°F. Using
Consider a 1000-W iron whose base plate is made of 0.5-cm-thick aluminum alloy 2024-T6 (r = 2770 kg/m3 and cp - 875 J/kg €¢ °C). The base plate has a surface area of 0.03 m2. Initially, the iron is in thermal equilibrium with the ambient air at 22°C. Assuming 85 percent of the
Stainless steel ball bearings (r = 8085 kg/m3 and cp = 0.480 kJ/kg • °C) having a diameter of 1.2 cm are to be quenched in water at a rate of 800 per minute. The balls leave the oven at a uniform temperature of 900°C and are exposed to air at 25°C for a while before they are dropped into the
Carbon steel balls (r = 7833 kg/m3 and cp = 0.465 kJ/kg €¢ °C) 8 mm in diameter are annealed by heating them first to 900°C in a furnace, and then allowing them to cool slowly to 100°C in ambient air at 35°C. If 2500 balls are to be annealed per hour, determine the total
An electronic device dissipating 30 W has a mass of 20 g and a specific heat of 850 J/kg • °C. The device is lightly used, and it is on for 5 min and then off for several hours, during which it cools to the ambient temperature of 25°C. Determine the highest possible temperature of the device at
Reconsider Prob. 4–80. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the mass of the heat sink on the maximum device temperature. Let the mass of heat sink vary from 0 to 1 kg. Plot the maximum temperature against the mass of heat sink, and discuss the results.
An ordinary egg can be approximated as a 5.5-cmdiameter sphere. The egg is initially at a uniform temperature of 8°C and is dropped into boiling water at 97°C. Taking the properties of the egg to be r = 1020 kg/m3 and cp = 3.32 kJ/kg • °C, determine how much heat is transferred to the egg by
ln a production facility, 1.2-in-thick 2-ft = 2-ft square brass plates (r = 532.5 lbm/ft3 and cp = 0.091 Btu/lbm €¢ °F) that are initially at a uniform temperature of 75°F are heated by passing them through an oven at 1300°F at a rate of 300 per minute. If the plates remain in
Long cylindrical steel rods (r = 7833 kg/m3 and cp = 0.465 kJ/kg • °C) of 10-cm diameter are heat-treated by drawing them at a velocity of 3 m/min through an oven maintained at 900°C. If the rods enter the oven at 30°C and leave at a mean temperature of 700°C, determine the rate of heat
What is metabolism? What is basal metabolic rate? What is the value of basal metabolic rate for an average man?
For what is the energy released during metabolism in humans used?
Is the metabolizable energy content of a food the same as the energy released when it is burned in a bomb calorimeter? If not, how does it differ?
Is the number of prospective occupants an important consideration in the design of heating and cooling systems of classrooms? Explain.
What do you think of a diet program that allows for generous amounts of bread and rice provided that no butter or margarine is added?
Consider two identical rooms, one with a 2-kW electric resistance heater and the other with three couples fast dancing. In which room will the air temperature rise faster?
Consider two identical 80-kg men who are eating identical meals and doing identical things except that one of them jogs for 30 min every day while the other watches TV. Determine the weight difference between the two in a month.
Consider a classroom that is losing heat to the outdoors at a rate of 20,000 kJ/h. If there are 30 students in class, each dissipating sensible heat at a rate of 100 W, determine if it is necessary to turn the heater in the classroom on to prevent the room temperature from dropping.
A 68-kg woman is planning to bicycle for an hour. If she is to meet her entire energy needs while bicycling by eating 30-g chocolate candy bars, determine how many candy bars she needs to take with her.

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