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engineering
mechanical engineering
Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach 8th edition Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles - Solutions
A diffuser is an adiabatic device that decreases the kinetic energy of the fluid by slowing it down. What happens to this lost kinetic energy?
The kinetic energy of a fluid increases as it is accelerated in an adiabatic nozzle. Where does this energy come from?
Is heat transfer to or from the fluid desirable as it flows through a nozzle? How will heat transfer affect the fluid velocity at the nozzle exit?
Air enters an adiabatic nozzle steadily at 300 kPa, 200°C, and 30 m/s and leaves at 100 kPa and 180 m/s. The inlet area of the nozzle is 80 cm2.Determine(a) The mass flow rate through the nozzle,(b) The exit temperature of the air, and(c) The exit area of the nozzle.
Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the inlet area on the mass flow rate, exit temperature, and the exit area. Let the inlet area vary from 50 cm2 to 150 cm2. Plot the final results against the inlet area, and discuss the results.
Steam at 5 MPa and 400°C enters a nozzle steadily with a velocity of 80 m/s, and it leaves at 2 MPa and 300°C. The inlet area of the nozzle is 50 cm2, and heat is being lost at a rate of 120 kJ/s determine (a) The mass flow rate of the steam, (b) The exit velocity of the steam, and (c) The
Air enters a nozzle steadily at 50 psia, 140°F, and 150 ft/s and leaves at 14.7 psia and 900 ft/s. The heat loss from the nozzle is estimated to be 6.5 Btu/lbm of air flowing. The inlet area of the nozzle is 0.1 ft2. Determine (a) The exit temperature of air and (b) The exit area of the nozzle.
Steam at 3 MPa and 400°C enters an adiabatic nozzle steadily with a velocity of 40 m/s and leaves at 2.5 MPa and 300 m/s. Determine (a) The exit temperature and (b) The ratio of the inlet to exit area A1/A2.
Air at 600 kPa and 500 K enters an adiabatic nozzle that has an inlet-to-exit area ratio of 2:1 with a velocity of 120 m/s and leaves with a velocity of 380 m/s. Determine(a) The exit temperature and(b) The exit pressure of the air.
Air at 80 kPa and 127°C enters an adiabatic diffuser steadily at a rate of 6000 kg/h and leaves at 100 kPa. The velocity of the air stream is decreased from 230 to 30 m/s as it passes through the diffuser. Find (a) The exit temperature of the air and (b) The exit area of the diffuser.
Air at 13 psia and 20°F enters an adiabatic diffuser steadily with a velocity of 600 ft/s and leaves with a low velocity at a pressure of 14.5 psia. The exit area of the diffuser is 5 times the inlet area. Determine (a) The exit temperature and (b) The exit velocity of the air.
Carbon dioxide enters an adiabatic nozzle steadily at 1 MPa and 500°C with a mass flow rate of 6000 kg/h and leaves at 100 kPa and 450 m/s. The inlet area of the nozzle is 40 cm2. Determine(a) The inlet velocity and(b) The exit temperature.
At 700 kPa and 120°C enters an adiabatic nozzle steadily with a velocity of 20 m/s and leaves at 400 kPa and 30°C. Determine (a) The exit velocity and (b) The ratio of the inlet to exit area A1/A2.
Air at 80 kPa, 27°C, and 220 m/s enters a diffuser at a rate of 2.5 kg/s and leaves at 42°C. The exit area of the diffuser is 400 cm2. The air is estimated to lose heat at a rate of 18kJ/s during this process. Determine (a) The exit velocity and (b) The exit pressure of the air. Answers: (a)
Nitrogen gas at 60 kPa and 7°C enters an adiabatic diffuser steadily with a velocity of 200 m/s and leaves at 85 kPa and 22°C. Determine (a) The exit velocity of the nitrogen and (b) The ratio of the inlet to exit area A1/A2.
Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the inlet velocity on the exit velocity and the ratio of the inlet-to-exit area. Let the inlet velocity vary from 180 to 260 m/s. Plot the final results against the inlet velocity, and discuss the results.
A enters a diffuser steadily as saturated vapor at 800 kPa with a velocity of 120 m/s, and it leaves at 900 kPa and 40°C. The refrigerant is gaining heat at a rate of2 kJ/s as it passes through the diffuser. If the exit area is 80 percent greater than the inlet area, determine (a) The exit
Steam enters a nozzle at 400°C and 800 kPa with a velocity of 10 m/s, and leaves at 300°C and 200 kPa while losing heat at a rate of 25 kW. For an inlet area of 800 cm2, determine the velocity and the volume flow rate of the steam at the nozzle exit.
Consider an air compressor operating steadily. How would you compare the volume flow rates of the air at the compressor inlet and exit?
Will the temperature of air rise as it is compressed by an adiabatic compressor? Why?
Steam flows steadily through an adiabatic turbine. The inlet conditions of the steam are 10 MPa, 450°C, and 80 m/s, and the exit conditions are 10 kPa, 92 percent quality, and 50 m/s. The mass flow rate of the steam is 12 kg/s. Determine (a) The change in kinetic energy, (b) The power output,
Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the turbine exit pressure on the power output of the turbine. Let the exit pressure vary from 10 to 200 kPa. Plot the power output against the exit pressure, and discuss the results.
Steam flows steadily through a turbine at a rate of 45,000 lbm/h, entering at 1000 psia and 900°F and leaving at 5 psia as saturated vapor, if the power generated by the turbine is 4 MW, determine the rate of heat loss from the steam.
Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 10 MPa and 500°C and leaves at 10 kPa with a quality of 90 percent. Neglecting the changes in kinetic and potential energies, determine the mass flow rate required for a power output of 5 MW.
Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 8 MPa and 500°C at a rate of 3 kg/s and leaves at 20 kPa. If the power output of the turbine is 2.5 MW, determine the temperature of the steam at the turbine exit. Neglect kinetic energy changes.
Argon gas enters an adiabatic turbine steadily at 900 kPa and 450°C with a velocity of 80 m/s and leaves at 150 kPa with a velocity of 150 m/s. The inlet area of the turbine is 60 cm2. If the power output of the turbine is 250 kW, determine the exit temperature of the argon.
Air flows steadily through an adiabatic turbine, entering at 150 psia, 900°F, and 350 ft/s and leaving at 20 psia, 300°F, and 700 ft/s. The inlet area of the turbine is 0.1 ft2. Determine(a) The mass flow rate of the air and(b) The power output of the turbine.
Refrigerant-134a enters an adiabatic compressor as saturated vapor at 24°C and leaves at 0.8 MPa and 60°C. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 1.2 kg/s. Determine (a) The power input to the compressor and (b) The volume flow rate of the refrigerant at the compressor inlet.
Air enters the compressor of a gas-turbine plant at ambient conditions of 100 kPa and 25°C with a low velocity and exits at 1 MPa and 347°C with a velocity of 90 m/s. The compressor is cooled at a rate of 1500 kJ/min, and the power input to the compressor is 250 kW. Determine the mass flow rate
Air is compressed from 14.7 psia and 60°F to a pressure of 150 psia while being cooled at a rate of 10 Btu/lbm by circulating water through the compressor casing. The volume flow rate of the air at the inlet conditions is 5000 ft3/min, and the power input to the compressor is 700 hp.
Reconsider Prob. 5–58E Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the rate of cooling of the compressor on the exit temperature of air. Let the cooling rate vary from 0 to 100 Btu/lbm. Plot the air exit temperature against the rate of cooling, and discuss the results.
Helium is to be compressed from 120 kPa and 310 K to 700 kPa and 430 K. A heat loss of 20 kJ/kg occurs during the compression process. Neglecting kinetic energy changes, determine the power input required for a mass flow rate of 90 kg/min.
Carbon dioxide enters an adiabatic compressor at 100 kPa and 300 K at a rate of 0.5 kg/s and leaves at 600 kPa and 450 K. Neglecting kinetic energy changes, determine (a) The volume flow rate of the carbon dioxide at the compressor inlet and (b) The power input to the compressor.
Why are throttling devices commonly used in refrigeration and air-conditioning applications?
Would you expect the temperature of air to drop as it undergoes a steady-flow throttling process? Explain.
Would you expect the temperature of a liquid to change as it is throttled? Explain.
Refrigerant-134a is throttled from the saturated liquid state at 700 kPa to a pressure of 160 kPa. Determine the temperature drop during this process and the final specific volume of the refrigerant.
Refrigerant-134a at 800 kPa and 25°C is throttled to a temperature of 20°C. Determine the pressure and the internal energy of the refrigerant at the final state.
A well-insulated valve is used to throttle steam from 8 MPa and 500°C to 6 MPa. Determine the final temperature of the steam.
Reconsider Prob. 5–68. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the exit pressure of steam on the exit temperature after throttling. Let the exit pressure vary from 6 to 1 MPa. Plot the exit temperature of steam against the exit pressure, and discuss the results.
Air at 200 psia and 90°F is throttled to the atmospheric pressure of 14.7 psia. Determine the final temperature of the air.
Carbon dioxide gas enters a throttling valve at 5 MPa and 100°C and leaves at 100 kPa. Determine the temperature change during this process if CO2 is assumed to be(a) An ideal gas and(b) A real gas.
When two fluid streams are mixed in a mixing chamber, can the mixture temperature be lower than the temperature of both streams? Explain.
Consider a steady-flow mixing process. Under what conditions will the energy transported into the control volume by the incoming streams be equal to the energy transported out of it by the outgoing stream?
Consider a steady-flow heat exchanger involving two different fluid streams. Under what conditions will the amount of heat lost by one fluid be equal to the amount of heat gained by the other?
A hot-water stream at 80°C enters a mixing chamber with a mass flow rate of 0.5 kg/s where it is mixed with a stream of cold water at 20°C. If it is desired that the mixture leave the chamber at 42°C, determine the mass flow rate of the cold-water stream. Assume all the streams are at a
Liquid water at 300 kPa and 20°C is heated in a chamber by mixing it with superheated steam at 300 kPa and 300°C. Cold water enters the chamber at a rate of 1.8 kg/s. If the mixture leaves the mixing chamber at 60°C, determine the mass flow rate of the superheated steam required.
In steam power plants, open feedwater heaters are frequently utilized to heat the feedwater by mixing it with steam bled off the turbine at some intermediate stage. Consider an open feedwater heater that operates at a pressure of 1000 kPa. Feedwater at 50°C and 1000 kPa is to be heated with
Water at 50°F and 50 psia is heated in a chamber by mixing it with saturated water vapor at 50 psia. If both streams enter the mixing chamber at the same mass flow rate, determine the temperature and the quality of the exiting stream.
A stream of refrigerant-134a at 1 MPa and 12°C is mixed with another stream at 1 MPa and 60°C. If the mass flow rate of the cold stream is twice that of the hot one, determine the temperature and the quality of the exit stream.
Reconsider Prob. 5–79. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the mass flow rate of the cold stream of R-134a on the temperature and the quality of the exit stream. Let the ratio of the mass flow rate of the cold stream to that of the hot stream vary from 1 to 4. Plot the
Refrigerant-134a at 1 MPa and 90°C is to be cooled to 1 MPa and 30°C in a condenser by air. The air enters at 100 kPa and 27°C with a volume flow rate of 600 m3/min and leaves at 95 kPa and 60°C. Determine the mass flow rate of the refrigerant.
Air enters the evaporator section of a window air conditioner at 14.7 psia and 90°F with a volume flow rate of 200 ft3/min Refrigerant-134a at 20 psia with a quality of 30 percent enters the evaporator at a rate of 4 lbm/min and leaves as saturated vapor at the same pressure. Determine? (a) The
Refrigerant-134a at 700 kPa, 70°C, and 8 kg/min is cooled by water in a condenser until it exists as a saturated liquid at the same pressure. The cooling water enters the condenser at 300 kPa and 15°C and leaves at 25°C at the same pressure. Determine the mass flow rate of the cooling water
In a steam heating system, air is heated by being passed over some tubes through which steam flows steadily. Steam enters the heat exchanger at 30 psia and 400°F at a rate of 15 lbm/min and leaves at 25 psia and 212°F. Air enters at 14.7 psia and 80°F and leaves at 130°F. Determine the volume
Steam enters the condenser of a steam power plant at 20 kPa and a quality of 95 percent with a mass flow rate of 20,000 kg/h. It is to be cooled by water from a nearby river by circulating the water through the tubes within the condenser. To prevent thermal pollution, the river water is not allowed
Steam is to be condensed in the condenser of a steam power plant at a temperature of 50°C with cooling water from a nearby lake, which enters the tubes of the condenser at 18°C at a rate of 101 kg/s and leaves at 27°C. Determine the rate of condensation of the steam in the condenser.
A heat exchanger is to heat water (cp = 4.18 kJ/kg • °C) from 25 to 60°C at a rate of 0.2 kg/s. The heating is to be accomplished by geothermal water (cp = 4.31 kJ/kg • °C) available at 140°C at a mass flow rate of 0.3 kg/s. Determine the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger and the
Reconsider Prob. 5–86. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the inlet temperature of cooling water on the rate of condensation of steam. Let the inlet temperature vary from 10 to 20°C, and assume the exit temperature to remain constant. Plot the rate of condensation of steam
A heat exchanger is to cool ethylene glycol (cp = 2.56 kJ/kg • °C) flowing at a rate of 2 kg/s from 80°C to 40°C by water (cp = 4.18 kJ/kg • °C) that enters at 20°C and leaves at 55°C. Determine (a) the rate of heat transfer and (b) the mass flow rate of water.
Reconsider Prob. 5–89. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the inlet temperature of cooling water on the mass flow rate of water. Let the inlet temperature vary from 10 to 40°C, and assume the exit temperature to remain constant. Plot the mass flow rate of water against the
A thin-walled double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger is used to cool oil (cp = 2.20 kJ/kg €¢ °C) from 150 to 40°C at a rate of 2 kg/s by water (cp = 4.18 kJ/kg €¢ °C) that enters at 22°C at a rate of 1.5 kg/s. Determine the rate of heat transfer in the heat
Cold water (cp = 4.18 kJ/kg • °C) leading to a shower enters a thin-walled double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger at 15°C at a rate of 0.60 kg/s and is heated to 45°C by hot water (cp = 4.19 kJ/kg • °C) that enters at 100°C at a rate of 3 kg/s. Determine the rate of heat transfer in the
Air (cp = 1.005 kJ/kg €¢ °C) is to be preheated by hot exhaust gases in a cross-flow heat exchanger before it enters the furnace. Air enters the heat exchanger at 95 kPa and 20°C at a rate of 0.8 m3/s. The combustion gases (cp = 1.10 kJ/kg €¢ °C) enter at 180°C
A well-insulated shell-and-tube heat exchanger is used to heat water (cp 4.18 kJ/kg • °C) in the tubes from 20 to 70°C at a rate of 4.5 kg/s. Heat is supplied by hot oil (cp = 2.30 kJ/kg • °C) that enters the shell side at 170°C at a rate of 10 kg/s. Determine the rate of heat transfer in
Steam is to be condensed on the shell side of a heat exchanger at 85°F. Cooling water enters the tubes at 60°F at a rate of 138 lbm/s and leaves at 73°F. Assuming the heat exchanger to be well-insulated, determine the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger and the rate of condensation of
An air-conditioning system involves the mixing of cold air and warm outdoor air before the mixture is routed to the conditioned room in steady operation. Cold air enters the mixing chamber at 5°C and 105 kPa at a rate of 1.25 m3/s while warm air enters at 34°C and 105 kPa. The air leaves
Hot exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine are to be used to produce saturated water vapor at 2 MPa pressure. The exhaust gases enter the heat exchanger at 400°C at a rate of 32 kg/min while water enters at 15°C. The heat exchanger is not well insulated, and it is estimated that 10
A desktop computer is to be cooled by a fan. The electronic components of the computer consume 60 W of power under full-load conditions. The computer is to operate in environments at temperatures up to 45°C and at elevations up to 3400 m where the average atmospheric pressure is 66.63 kPa. The
Repeat Prob. 5–98 for a computer that consumes 100 W of power.
Water enters the tubes of a cold plate at 95°F with an average velocity of 60 ft/min and leaves at 105°F. The diameter of the tubes is 0.25 in. Assuming 15 percent of the heat generated is dissipated from the components to the surroundings by convection and radiation, and the remaining 85 percent
A sealed electronic box is to be cooled by tap water flowing through the channels on two of its sides. It is specified that the temperature rise of the water not exceed 4°C. The power dissipation of the box is 2 kW, which is removed entirely by water. If the box operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a
Repeat Prob. 5–101 for a power dissipation of 4 kW.
A long roll of 2-m-wide and 0.5-cm-thick 1-Mn manganese steel plate (r = 7854 kg/m3 and cp = 0.434 kJ/kg €¢ °C) coming off a furnace at 820°C is to be quenched in an oil bath at 45°C to a temperature of 51.1°C. If the metal sheet is moving at a steady velocity of 10 m/min,
Reconsider Prob. 5–103. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the moving velocity of the steel plate on the rate of heat transfer from the oil bath. Let the velocity vary from 5 to 50 m/min. Plot the rate of heat transfer against the plate velocity, and discuss the results.
The components of an electronic system dissipating 180 W are located in a 1.4-m-long horizontal duct whose cross section is 20 cm = 20 cm. The components in the duct are cooled by forced air that enters the duct at 30°C and 1 atm at a rate of 0.6 m3/min and leaves at 40°C. Determine the
Repeat Prob. 5–105 for a circular horizontal duct of diameter 10 cm.
The hot-water needs of a household are to be met by heating water at 55°F to 180°F by a parabolic solar collector at a rate of 4 lbm/s. Water flows through a 1.25-in-diameter thin aluminum tube whose outer surface is black-anodized in order to maximize its solar absorption ability. The centerline
Consider a hollow-core printed circuit board 12 cm high and 18 cm long, dissipating a total of 20 W. The width of the air gap in the middle of the PCB is 0.25 cm. If the cooling air enters the 12-cm-wide core at 32°C and 1 atm at a rate of 0.8 L/s, determine the average temperature at which the
A computer cooled by a fan contains eight PCBs, each dissipating 10 W power. The height of the PCBs is 12 cm and the length is 18 cm. The cooling air is supplied by a 25-W fan mounted at the inlet. If the temperature rise of air as it flows through the case of the computer is not to exceed
Hot water at 90°C enters a 15-m section of a cast iron pipe whose inner diameter is 4 cm at an average velocity of 0.8 m/s. The outer surface of the pipe is exposed to the cold air at 10°C in a basement. If water leaves the basement at 88°C, determine the rate of heat loss from the water.
Reconsider Prob. 5–110. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the inner pipe diameter on the rate of heat loss. Let the pipe diameter vary from 1.5 to 7.5 cm. Plot the rate of heat loss against the diameter, and discuss the results.
A 5-m = 6-m = 8-m room is to be heated by an electric resistance heater placed in a short duct in the room. Initially, the room is at 15°C, and the local atmospheric pressure is 98 kPa. The room is losing heat steadily to the outside at a rate of 200 kJ/min. A 200-W fan circulates the air steadily
A house has an electric heating system that consists of a 300-W fan and an electric resistance heating element placed in a duct. Air flows steadily through the duct at a rate of 0.6 kg/s and experiences a temperature rise of 7°C. The rate of heat loss from the air in the duct is estimated to be
A hair dryer is basically a duct in which a few layers of electric resistors are placed. A small fan pulls the air in and forces it through the resistors where it is heated. Air enters a 1200-W hair dryer at 100 kPa and 22°C and leaves at 47°C. The cross-sectional area of the hair dryer at
Reconsider Prob. 5–114. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the exit cross-sectional area of the hair dryer on the exit velocity. Let the exit area vary from 25 to 75 cm2. Plot the exit velocity against the exit cross-sectional area, and discuss the results. Include the
The ducts of an air heating system pass through an unheated area. As a result of heat losses, the temperature of the air in the duct drops by 4°C. If the mass flow rate of air is 120 kg/min, determine the rate of heat loss from the air to the cold environment.
Air enters the duct of an air-conditioning system at 15 psia and 50°F at a volume flow rate of 450 ft3/min. The diameter of the duct is 10 in, and heat is transferred to the air in the duct from the surroundings at a rate of 2 Btu/s. Determine (a) The velocity of the air at the duct inlet and
Water is heated in an insulated, constant-diameter tube by a 7-kW electric resistance heater. If the water enters the heater steadily at 20°C and leaves at 75°C, determine the mass flow rate of water.
Steam enters a long, horizontal pipe with an inlet diameter of D1 12 cm at 1 MPa and 300°C with a velocity of 2 m/s. Farther downstream, the conditions are 800 kPa and 250°C, and the diameter is D2 = 10 cm. Determine (a) The mass flow rate of the steam and (b) The rate of heat transfer.
Steam enters an insulated pipe at 200 kPa and 200°C and leaves at 150 kPa and 150°C. The inlet-to-outlet diameter ratio for the pipe is D1/D2 =1.80. Determine the inlet and exit velocities of the steam.
A balloon that initially contains 50 m3 of steam at 100 kPa and 150°C is connected by a valve to a large reservoir that supplies steam at 150 kPa and 200°C. Now the valve is opened, and steam is allowed to enter the balloon until the pressure equilibrium with the steam at the supply line is
A rigid, insulated tank that is initially evacuated is connected through a valve to a supply line that carries steam at 4 MPa. Now the valve is opened, and steam is allowed to flow into the tank until the pressure reaches 4 MPa, at which point the valve is closed. If the final temperature of the
A vertical piston€“cylinder device initially contains 0.25 m3 of air at 600 kPa and 300°C. A valve connected to the cylinder is now opened, and air is allowed to escape until three-quarters of the mass leave the cylinder at which point the volume is 0.05 m3. Determine the final
A rigid, insulated tank that is initially evacuated is connected through a valve to a supply line that carries helium at 200 kPa and 120°C. Now the valve is opened, and helium is allowed to flow into the tank until the pressure reaches 200 kPa, at which point the valve is closed. Determine the
Consider an 8-L evacuated rigid bottle that is surrounded by the atmosphere at 100 kPa and 17°C. A valve at the neck of the bottle is now opened and the atmospheric air is allowed to flow into the bottle. The air trapped in the bottle eventually reaches thermal equilibrium with the atmosphere as a
An insulated rigid tank is initially evacuated. A valve is opened, and atmospheric air at 95 kPa and 17°C enters the tank until the pressure in the tank reaches 95 kPa, at which point the valve is closed. Determine the final temperature of the air in the tank. Assume constant specific heats.
A 2-m3 rigid tank initially contains air at 100 kPa and 22°C. The tank is connected to a supply line through a valve. Air is flowing in the supply line at 600 kPa and 22°C. The valve is opened, and air is allowed to enter the tank until the pressure in the tank reaches the line pressure, at
A 0.2-m3 rigid tank initially contains refrigerant-134a at 8°C. At this state, 70 percent of the mass is in the vapor phase, and the rest is in the liquid phase. The tank is connected by a valve to a supply line where refrigerant at 1 MPa and 100°C flows steadily. Now the valve is opened
A 3-ft3 rigid tank initially contains saturated water vapor at 300°F. The tank is connected by a valve to a supply line that carries steam at 200 psia and 400°F. Now the valve is opened, and steam is allowed to enter the tank. Heat transfer takes place with the surroundings such that the
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