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engineering
mechanical engineering
Thermodynamics An Interactive Approach 1st edition Subrata Bhattacharjee - Solutions
Consider an ideal Sterling-cycle engine in which the pressure and temperature at the beginning of the isothermal compression process are 14.7 lbf/in 2, 80 F, the compression ratio is 6, and the maximum temperature in the cycle is 2000 F. Calculate the maximum pressure in the cycle and the thermal
An ideal air-standard Sterling cycle uses helium as working fluid. The isothermal compression brings the helium from 15 lbf/in 2, 70 F to 90 lbf/in 2. The expansion takes place at 2100 R and there is no regenerator. Find the work and heat transfer in all four processes per lbm helium and the cycle
The air-standard Carnot cycle was not shown in the text; show the T–s diagram for this cycle. In an air-standard Carnot cycle the low temperature is 500 R and the efficiency is 60%. If the pressure before compression and after heat rejection is 14.7 lbf/in 2, find the high temperature and the
Air in a piston/cylinder goes through a Carnot cycle in which TL 80.3 F and the total cycle efficiency is 2/3. Find TH, the specific work and volume ratio in the adiabatic expansion for constant Cp, Cv. Repeat the calculation for variable heat
Consider an ideal refrigeration cycle that has a condenser temperature of 110 F and an evaporator temperature of 5 F. Determine the coefficient of performance of this refrigerator for the working fluids R-12 and R-22.
The environmentally safe refrigerant R-134a is one of the replacements for R-12 in refrigeration systems. Repeat Problem 11.149 using R-134a and compare the result with that for R-12.
Consider an ideal heat pump that has a condenser temperature of 120 F and an evaporator temperature of 30 F. Determine the coefficient of performance of this heat pump for the working fluids R-12, R-22, and ammonia.
The refrigerant R-22 is used as the working fluid in a conventional heat pump cycle. Saturated vapor enters the compressor of this unit at 50 F; its exit temperature from the compressor is measured and found to be 185 F. If the isentropic efficiency of the compressor is estimated to be 70%, what is
Consider a small ammonia absorption refrigeration cycle that is powered by solar energy and is to be used as an air conditioner. Saturated vapor ammonia leaves the generator at 120 F, and saturated vapor leaves the evaporator at 50 F. If 3000 Btu of heat is required in the generator (solar
Consider an ideal dual-loop heat-powered refrigeration cycle using R-12 as the working fluid, as shown in Fig. P11.109. Saturated vapor at 220 F leaves the boiler and expands in the turbine to the condenser pressure. Saturated vapor at 0 F leaves the evaporator and is compressed to the condenser
(Adv) Find the availability of the water at all four states in the Rankine cycle described in Problem 11.121. Assume the high-temperature source is 900 F and the low-temperature reservoir is at 65 F. Determine the flow of availability in or out of the reservoirs per pound-mass of steam flowing in
A gas mixture at 20C, 125 kPa is 50% N2, 30% H2O and 20% O2 on a mole basis. Find the mass fractions, the mixture gas constant and the volume for 5 kg of mixture.
A 100 m3 storage tank with fuel gases is at 20C, 100 kPa containing a mixture of acetylene C2H2, propane C3H8 and butane C4H10. A test shows the partial pressure of the C2H2 is 15 kPa and that of C3H8 is 65 kPa. How much mass is there of each component?
A mixture of 60% N2, 30% Ar and 10% O2 on a mole basis is in a cylinder at 250kPa, 310 K and volume 0.5 m3. Find the mass fractions and the mass of argon.
A carbureted internal combustion engine is converted to run on methane gas (natural gas). The air-fuel ratio in the cylinder is to be 20 to 1 on a mass basis. How many moles of oxygen per mole of methane are there in the cylinder?
Weighing of masses gives a mixture at 60C, 225 kPa with 0.5 kg O2, 1.5 kg N2 and 0.5 kg CH4. Find the partial pressures of each component, the mixture specific volume (mass basis), mixture molecular weight and the total volume.
At a certain point in a coal gasification process, a sample of the gas is taken and stored in a 1-L cylinder. An analysis of the mixture yields the following results: Component H2 CO CO2 N2 Percent by volume 25 40 15 20 Determine the mass fractions and total mass in the cylinder at 100
A pipe, cross sectional area 0.1 m2, carries a flow of 75% O2 and 25% N2 by mole with a velocity of 25 m/s at 200 kPa, 290 K. To install and operate a mass flow meter it is necessary to know the mixture density and the gas constant. What are they? What mass flow rate should the meter then show?
A pipe flows 0.05 k mole a second mixture with mole fractions of 40% CO2 and 60% N2 at 400 kPa, 300 K. Heating tape is wrapped around a section of pipe with insulation added and 2 kW electrical powers is heating the pipe flow. Find the mixture exit temperature.
A rigid insulated vessel contains 0.4 kmol of oxygen at 200 kPa, 280 K separated by a membrane from 0.6 kmol carbon dioxide at 400 kPa, 360 K. The membrane is removed and the mixture comes to a uniform state. Find the final temperature and pressure of the mixture.
An insulated gas turbine receives a mixture of 10% CO2, 10% H2O and 80% N2 on a mole basis at 1000 K, 500 kPa. The volume flow rate is 2 m3/s and its exhaust is at 700 K, 100 kPa. Find the power output in kW using constant specific heat from A.5 at 300 K.
Solve Problem 12.10 using the values of enthalpy from Table A.8.
Consider Problem 12.10 and find the value for the mixture heat capacity, mole basis and the mixture ratio of specific heats, kmix, both estimated at 850 K from values (differences) of h in Table A.8. With these values make an estimate for the reversible adiabatic exit temperature of the turbine at
The gas mixture from Problem 12.6 is compressed in a reversible adiabatic process from the initial state in the sample cylinder to a volume of 0.2 L. Determine the final temperature of the mixture and the work done during the process.
Three SSSF flows are mixed in an adiabatic chamber at 150 kPa. Flow one is 2 kg/s of O2 at 340 K, flow two is 4 kg/s of N2 at 280 K and flow three is 3 kg/s of CO2 at 310 K. All flows are at 150 kPa the same as the total exit pressure. Find the exit temperature and the rate of entropy generation in
Carbon dioxide gas at 320 K is mixed with nitrogen at 280 K in a SSSF insulated mixing chamber. Both flows are at 100 kPa and the mole ratio of carbon dioxide to nitrogen is 2; 1. Find the exit temperature and the total entropy generation per mole of the exit mixture.
A piston/cylinder contains 0.5 kg argon and 0.5 kg hydrogen at 300 K, 100 kPa. The mixture is compressed in an adiabatic process to 400 kPa by an external force on the piston. Find the final temperature, the work and the heat transfer in the process.
Natural gas as a mixture of 75% methane and 25% ethane by volume is flowing to a compressor at 17C, 100 kPa. The reversible adiabatic compressor brings the flow to 250 kPa. Find the exit temperature and the needed work per kg flow.
Take Problem 12.15 with inlet temperature of 1400 K for the carbon dioxide and 300 K for the nitrogen. First estimate the exit temperature with the specific heats from Table A.5 and use this to start iterations using A.8 to find the exit temperature.
A mixture of 60% helium and 40% nitrogen by volume enters a turbine at 1 MPa, 800 K at a rate of 2 kg/s. The adiabatic turbine has an exit pressure of 100 kPa and an isentropic efficiency of 85%. Find the turbine work.
A mixture of 50% carbon dioxide and 50% water by mass is brought from 1500 K, 1 MPa to 500 K, 200 kPa in a polytropic process through a SSSF device. Find the necessary heat transfer and work involved using values from Table A.5.
Solve Problem 12.20 using specific heats CP = h/T, from Table A.8 at 1000 K.
A 50/50 (by mole) gas mixture of methane CH4 and ethylene C2H4 is contained in a cylinder/piston at the initial state 480 kPa, 330 K, 1.05 m3. The piston is now moved, compressing the mixture in a reversible, polytropic process to the final state 260 K, 0.03 m3. Calculate the final pressure, the
A mixture of 2 kg oxygen and 2 kg of argon is in an insulated piston cylinder arrangement at 100 kPa, 300 K. The piston now compresses the mixture to half its initial volume. Find the final pressure, temperature and the piston work.
Two insulated tanks A and B are connected by a valve. Tank A has a volume of 1 m3 and initially contains argon at 300 kPa, 10C. Tank B has a volume of 2 m3 and initially contains ethane at 200 kPa, 50C. The valve is opened and remains open until the resulting gas mixture comes to a
Reconsider the Problem 12.24, but let the tanks have a small amount of heat transfer so the final mixture is at 400 K. Find the final pressure, the heat transfer and the entropy change for the process.
A piston/cylinder contains helium at 110 kPa at ambient temperature 20C, and initial volume of 20 L. The stops are mounted to give a maximum volume of 25 L and the nitrogen line conditions are 300 kPa, 30C. The valve is now opened which allows nitrogen to flow in and mix with the
Repeat Problem 12.17 for an isentropic compressor efficiency of 82%.
A spherical balloon has an initial diameter of 1 m and contains argon gas at 200 kPa, 40C. The balloon is connected by a valve to a 500-L rigid tank containing carbon dioxide at 100 kPa, 100C. The valve is opened, and eventually the balloon and tank reach a uniform state in which
A large SSSF air separation plant takes in ambient air (79% N2, 21% O2 by volume) at 100 kPa, 20C, at a rate of 1 kmol/s. It discharges a stream of pure O2 gas at 200 kPa, 100C, and a stream of pure N2 gas at 100 kPa, 20C. The plant operates on an electrical power input of
An insulated vertical cylinder is fitted with a frictionless constant loaded piston of cross sectional area 0.1 m2 and the initial cylinder height of 1.0 m. The cylinder contains methane gas at 300 K, 150 kPa, and also inside is a 5-L capsule containing neon gas at 300 K, 500 kPa. The capsule now
The only known sources of helium are the atmosphere (mole fraction approximately 5 106) and natural gas. A large unit is being constructed to separate 100 m3/s of natural gas, assumed to be 0.001 His mole fraction and 0.999 CH4. The gas enters the unit at 150 kPa,
A steady flow of 0.01 k mol/s of 50% carbon dioxide and 50% water at 1200K and 200 kPa is used in a heat exchanger where 300 kW is extracted from the flow. Find the flow exit temperature and the rate of change of entropy using Table A.8.
An insulated rigid 2 m3 tank A contains CO2 gas at 200C, 1MPa. An uninsulated rigid 1 m3 tank B contains ethane, C2H6, gas at 200 kPa, room temperature 20C. The two are connected by a one-way check valve that will allow gas from A to B, but not from B to A. The valve is opened and
A tank has two sides initially separated by a diaphragm. Side A contains 1 kg of water and side B contains 1.2 kg of air, both at 20C, 100 kPa. The diaphragm is now broken and the whole tank is heated to 600C by a 700C reservoir. Find the final total pressure, heat transfer
A 0.2 m3 insulated, rigid vessel is divided into two equal parts A and B by an insulated partition. The partition will support a pressure difference of 400 kPa before breaking. Side A contains methane and side B contains carbon dioxide. Both sides are initially at 1 MPa, 30C. A valve on
Consider 100 m3 of atmospheric air which is an air–water vapor mixture at 100 kPa, 15C, and 40% relative humidity. Find the mass of water and the humidity ratio. What is the dew point of the mixture?
The products of combustion are flowing through a SSSF heat exchanger with 12% CO2, 13% H2O and 75% N2 on a volume basis at the rate 0.1 kg/s and 100 kPa. What is the dew-point temperature? If the mixture is cooled 10C below the dew point temperature, how long will it take to collect 10 kg
A new high-efficiency home heating system includes an air-to-air heat exchanger which uses energy from outgoing stale air to heat the fresh incoming air. If the outside ambient temperature is 10C and the relative humidity is 30%, how much water will have to be added to the incoming
Consider 100 m3 of atmospheric air at 100 kPa, 25C, and 80% relative humidity. Assume this is brought into a basement room where it cools to 15C, 100 kPa. How much liquid water will condense out?
A flow of 2 kg/s completely dry air at T1, 100 kPa is cooled down to 10C by spraying liquid water at 10C, 100 kPa into it so it becomes saturated moist air at 10C. The process is SSSF with no external heat transfer or work. Find the exit moist air humidity ratio and the flow
A piston/cylinder has 100 kg of saturated moist air at 100 kPa, 5C. If it is heated to 45C in an isobaric process, find 1Q2 and the final relative humidity. If it is compressed from the initial state to 200 kPa in an isothermal process, find the mass of water condensing.
A flow moist air at 100 kPa, 40C, 40% relative humidity is cooled to 15C in a constant pressure SSSF device. Find the humidity ratio of the inlet and the exit flow, and the heat transfer in the device per kg dry air.
Ambient moist air enters a steady-flow air-conditioning unit at 102 kPa, 30C, with a 60% relative humidity. The volume flow rate entering the unit is 100 L/s. The moist air leaves the unit at 95 kPa, 15C, with a relative humidity of 100%. Liquid condensate also leaves the unit at
A steady supply of 1.0 m3/s air at 25C, 100 kPa, 50% relative humidity is needed to heat a building in the winter. The outdoor ambient is at 10C, 100 kPa, 50% relative humidity. What are the required liquid water input and heat transfer rates for this purpose?
Consider a 500-L rigid tank containing an air–water vapor mixture at 100 kPa, 35C, with a 70% relative humidity. The system is cooled until the water just begins to condense. Determine the final temperature in the tank and the heat transfer for the process.
Air in a piston/cylinder is at 35C, 100 kPa and a relative humidity of 80%. It is now compressed to a pressure of 500 kPa in a constant temperature process. Find the final relative and specific humidity and the volume ratio V2/V1.
A 300-L rigid vessel initially contains moist air at 150 kPa, 40C, with a relative humidity of 10%. A supply line connected to this vessel by a valve carries steam at 600 kPa, 200C. The valve is opened, and steam flows into the vessel until the relative humidity of the resultant
A combination air cooler and dehumidification unit receives outside ambient air at 35C, 100 kPa, 90% relative humidity. The moist air is first cooled to a low temperature T2 to condense the proper amount of water, assume all the liquid leaves at T2. The moist air is then heated and leaves
A rigid container, 10 m3 in volume, contains moist air at 45C, 100 kPa, 40%. The container is now cooled to 5C. Neglect the volume of any liquid that might be present and find the final mass of water vapor, final total pressure and the heat
A saturated air-water vapor mixture at 20 oC, 100 kPa, is contained in a 5-m3 closed tank in equilibrium with 1 kg of liquid water. The tank is heated to 80oC. Is there any liquid water in the final state? Find the heat transfer for the process.
An air-water vapor mixture enters a steady flow heater humidifier unit at state 1: 10C, 10% relative humidity, at the rate of 1 m3/s. A second air-vapor stream enters the unit at state 2: 20C, 20% relative humidity, at the rate of 2 m3/s. Liquid water enters at state 3: 10C,
In a hot and dry climate, air enters an air-conditioner unit at 100 kPa, 40C, and 5% relative humidity, at the steady rate of 1.0 m3/s. Liquid water at 20C is sprayed into the air in the AC unit at the rate 20 kg/hour, and heat is rejected from the unit at the rate 20 kW. The exit
A water-filled reactor of 1 m3 is at 20 MPa, 360C and located inside an insulated containment room of 100 m3 that contains air at 100 kPa and 25C. Due to a failure the reactor ruptures and the water fills the containment room. Find the final pressure.
Use the psychrometric chart to find the missing property of: Twet, Tdry. a. Tdry = 25C, =80% b. Tdry =15C, =100% c. Tdry = 20C, and = 0.008 d. Tdry = 25C, Twet =
Use the psychrometric chart to find the missing property of: Twet, Tdry a. = 50%, = 0.012 b. Twet =15C, = 60%. c. = 0.008 and Twet =17C d. Tdry = 10C,
For each of the states in Problem 12.55 find the dew point temperature.
One means of air-conditioning hot summer air is by evaporative cooling, which is a process similar to the SSSF adiabatic saturation process. Consider outdoor ambient air at 35C, 100 kPa 30% relative humidity. What is the maximum amount of cooling that can be achieved by such a technique?
Use the formulas and the steam tables to find the missing property of: and Tdry, total pressure is 100 kPa; repeat the answers using the psychrometric chart a. = 50%, = 0.010 b. Twet =15C, =
Compare the weather two places where it is cloudy and breezy. At beach A it is 20C, 103.5 kPa, relative humidity 90% and beach B has 25C, 99 kPa, relative humidity 20%. Suppose you just took a swim and came out of the water. Where would you feel more comfortable and why?
Ambient air at 100 kPa, 30C, 40% relative humidity goes through a constant pressure heat exchanger in a SSSF process. In one case it is heated to 45C and in another case it is cooled until it reaches saturation. For both cases find the exit relative humidity and the amount of heat
A flow, 0.2 kg/s dry air, of moist air at 40C, 50% relative humidity flows from the outside state 1 down into a basement where it cools to 16C, state 2. Then it flows up to the living room where it is heated to 25C, state 3. Find the dew point for state 1, any amount of
A flow of air at 5C, 90%, is brought into a house, where it is conditioned to 25C, 60% relative humidity. This is done in a SSSF process with a combined heater-evaporator where any liquid water is at 10C. Find any flow of liquid, and the
Atmospheric air at 35C, relative humidity of 10%, is too warm and also too dry. An air conditioner should deliver air at 21C and 50% relative humidity in the amount of 3600 m3 per hour. Sketch a setup to accomplish this, find any amount of liquid (at 20C) that is needed or
In a car’s defrost/defog system atmospheric air, 21C, relative humidity 80%, is taken in and cooled such that liquid water drips out. The now dryer air is heated to 41C and then blown onto the windshield, where it should have a maximum of 10% relative humidity to remove water from
Two moist air streams with 85% relative humidity, both flowing at a rate of 0.1 kg/s of dry air are mixed in a SSSF setup. One inlet flow stream is at 32.5C and the other at 16C. Find the exit relative humidity.
A flow of moist air at 21C, 60% relative humidity should be produced from mixing of two different moist air flows. Flow 1 is at 10C, relative humidity 80% and flow 2 is at 32C and has Twet = 27C. The mixing chamber can be followed by a heater or a cooler. No liquid
Consider two states of atmospheric air. (1) 35C, Twet 18C and (2) 26.5C, = 60%. Suggest a system of devices that will allow air in a SSSF process to change from (1) to (2) and from (2) to (1). Heaters, coolers (de)humidifiers, liquid traps
An insulated tank has an air inlet, 1 0.0084, and an outlet, T2 22C, 2 = 90% both at 100 kPa. A third line sprays 0.25 kg/s of water at 80C, 100 kPa. For a SSSF operation find the outlet specific humidity, the mass flow rate of air
You have just washed your hair and now blow dry it in a room with 23C, = 60%, (1). The dryer, 500 W, heats the air to 49C, (2), blows it through your hair where the air becomes saturated (3), and then flows on to hit a window where it cools to 15C (4). Find
A water-cooling tower for a power plant cools 45C liquid water by evaporation. The tower receives air at 19.5C, 30%, 100 kPa that is blown through/over the water such that it leaves the tower at 25C, 70%. The
An indoor pool evaporates 1.512 kg/h of water, which is removed by a dehumidifier to maintain 21C, 70% in the room. The dehumidifier, shown in Fig P12.71, is a refrigeration cycle in which air flowing over the evaporator cools such that liquid water drops
To refresh air in a room, a counter flow heat exchanger, is mounted in the wall, drawing in outside air at 0.5C, 80% relative humidity and pushing out room air, 40C, 50% relative humidity. Assume an exchange of 3 kg/min dry air in a SSSF device, and also that the room air exits the
Steam power plants often utilize large cooling towers to cool the condenser cooling water so it can be re-circulated. The process is essentially evaporative adiabatic cooling, in which part of the water is lost and must therefore be replenished. Consider the setup in which 1000 kg/s of warm water
A semi permeable membrane is used for the partial removal of oxygen from air that is blown through a grain elevator storage facility. Ambient air (79% nitrogen, 21% oxygen on a mole basis) is compressed to an appropriate pressure, cooled to ambient temperature 25C, and then fed through a
A 100-L insulated tank contains N2 gas at 200 kPa and ambient temperature 25C. The tank is connected by a valve to a supply line flowing CO2 at 1.2 MPa, 90C. A mixture of 50% N2, 50% CO2 by mole should be obtained by opening the valve and allowing CO2 flow in to an
A cylinder/piston loaded with a linear spring contains saturated moist air at 120 kPa, 0.1 m3 volume and also 0.01 kg of liquid water, all at ambient temperature 20C. The piston area is 0.2 m2, and the spring constant is 20 kN/m this cylinder is attached by a valve to a line flowing dry air
Consider the previous problem and additionally determine the heat transfer. Show that the process does not violate the second law.
The air-conditioning by evaporative cooling is modified by adding a dehumidification process before the water spray cooling process. This dehumidification is achieved as shown in Fig. P12.78 by using a desiccant material, which absorbs water on one side of a rotating drum heat exchanger. The
A vertical cylinder is fitted with a piston held in place by a pin. The initial volume is 200 L and the cylinder contains moist air at 100 kPa, 25C, with wet-bulb temperature of 15C. The pin is removed, and at the same time a valve on the bottom of the cylinder is opened, allowing
Ambient air is at a condition of 100 kPa, 35C, 50% relative humidity. A steady stream of air at 100 kPa, 23C, 70% relative humidity, is to be produced by first cooling one stream to an appropriate temperature to condense out the proper amount of water and then mix this stream
A gas mixture at 70 F, 18 lbf/in 2 is 50% N2, 30% H2O and 20% O2 on a mole basis. Find the mass fractions, the mixture gas constant and the volume for 10 lbm of mixture.
Weighing of masses gives a mixture at 80 F, 35 lbf/in 2 with 1 lbm O2, 3 lbm N2 and 1 lbm CH4. Find the partial pressures of each component, the mixture specific volume (mass basis), mixture molecular weight and the total volume.
A pipe flow 0.15 lb mol a second mixture with mole fractions of 40% CO2 and 60% N2 at 60 lbf/in 2, 540 R. Heating tape is wrapped around a section of pipe with insulation added and 2 Btu/s electrical powers is heating the pipe flow. Find the mixture exit temperature.
An insulated gas turbine receives a mixture of 10% CO2, 10% H2O and 80% N2 on a mole basis at 1800 R, 75 lbf/in 2. The volume flow rate is 70 ft3/s and its exhaust is at 1300 R, 15 lbf/in 2. Find the power output in Btu/s using constant specific heat from C.4 at 540 R.
Solve Problem 12.84 using the values of enthalpy from Table C.7.
Carbon dioxide gas at 580 R is mixed with nitrogen at 500 R in a SSSF insulated mixing chamber. Both flows are at 14.7 lbf/in 2 and the mole ratio of carbon dioxide to nitrogen is 2; 1. Find the exit temperature and the total entropy generation per mole of the exit mixture.
A mixture of 60% helium and 40% nitrogen by volume enters a turbine at 150 lbf/in 2, 1500 R at a rate of 4 lbm/s. The adiabatic turbine has an exit pressure of 15 lbf/in 2 and an isentropic efficiency of 85%. Find the turbine work.
A mixture of 50% carbon dioxide and 50% water by mass is brought from 2800 R, 150 lbf/in 2 to 900 R, 30 lbf/in 2 in a polytropic process through a SSSF device. Find the necessary heat transfer and work involved using values from C.4.
A mixture of 4 lbm oxygen and 4 lbm of argon is in an insulated piston cylinder arrangement at 14.7 lbf/in 2, 540 R. The piston now compresses the mixture to half its initial volume. Find the final pressure, temperature and the piston work.
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