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engineering
mechanical engineering
Fundamentals of Thermodynamics 6th edition Richard E. Sonntag, Claus Borgnakke, Gordon J. Van Wylen - Solutions
Saturated vapor R-22 at 90 F is throttled to 30 lbf/in 2 in a SSSF process. Calculate the exit temperature assuming no changes in the kinetic energy, using the generalized charts, Fig. D.2 and repeat using the R-22 tables Table C.10
A 10-ft3 tank contains propane at 90 F, 90% quality. The tank is heated to 600 F. Calculate the heat transfer during the process.
A newly developed compound is being considered for use as the working fluid in a small Rankine-cycle power plant driven by a supply of waste heat. Assume the cycle is ideal, with saturated vapor at 400 F entering the turbine and saturated liquid at 70 F exiting the condenser. The only properties
A 7-ft3 rigid tank contains propane at 730 R, 500 lbf/in 2. A valve is opened, and propane flows out until half the initial mass has escaped, at which point the valve is closed. During this process the mass remaining inside the tank expands according to the relation Pv1.4 constant.
A geothermal power plant on the Raft river uses isobutane as the working fluid. The fluid enters the reversible adiabatic turbine at 320 F, 805 lbf/in 2 and the condenser exit condition is saturated liquid at 91 F. Isobutane has the properties Tc 734.65 R, Pc 537
A convergent nozzle with exit diameter of 1 in. has an air inlet flow of 68 F, 14.7 lbf/in 2 (stagnation conditions). The nozzle has an isentropic efficiency of 95% and the pressure drop is measured to 20 in. water column. Find the mass flow rate assuming compressible adiabatic flow. Repeat
A control mass of 10 lbm butane gas initially at 180 F, 75 lbf/in 2, is compressed in a reversible isothermal process to one-fifth of its initial volume. What is the heat transfer in the process?
A cylinder contains ethylene, C2H4, at 222.6 lbf/in 2, 8 F. It is now compressed isothermally in a reversible process to 742 lbf/in 2. Find the specific work and heat transfer.
A cylinder contains ethylene, C2H4, at 222.6 lbf/in 2, 8 F. It is now compressed in a reversible isobaric (constant P) process to saturated liquid. Find the specific work and heat transfer.
A distributor of bottled propane, C3H8, needs to bring propane from 630 R, 14.7 lbf/in 2 to saturated liquid at 520 R in a SSSF process. If this should be accomplished in a reversible setup given the surroundings at 540 R, find the ratio of the volume flow rates Vin / Vout, the heat transfer and
A line with a steady supply of octane, C8H18, is at 750 F, 440 lbf/in 2. What is your best estimate for the availability in an SSSF setup where changes in potential and kinetic energies may be neglected?
Calculate the theoretical air-fuel ratio on a mass and mole basis for the combustion of ethanol, C2H5OH.
In a combustion process with decane, C10H22, and air, the dry product mole fractions are 86.9% N2, 1.163% O2, 10.975% CO2 and 0.954% CO. Find the equivalence ratio and the percent theoretical air of the reactants.
A certain fuel oil has the composition C10H22. If this fuel is burned with 150% theoretical air, what is the composition of the products of combustion?
Natural gas B from Table 14.2 is burned with 20% excess air. Determine the composition of the products.
A Pennsylvania coal contains 74.2% C, 5.1% H, 6.7% O, (dry basis, mass percent) plus ash and small percentages of N and S. This coal is fed into a gasified along with oxygen and steam. The exiting product gas composition is measured on a mole basis to: 39.9% CO, 30.8% H2, 11.4% CO2, 16.4% H2O plus
Repeat Problem 14.5 for a certain Utah coal that contains, according to the coal analysis, 68.2% C, 4.8% H, 15.7% O on a mass basis. The exiting product gas contains 30.9% CO, 26.7% H2, 15.9% CO2 and 25.7% H2O on a mole basis.
A sample of pine bark has the following ultimate analysis on a dry basis, percent by mass: 5.6% H, 53.4% C, 0.1% S, 0.1% N, 37.9% O and 2.9% ash. This bark will be used as a fuel by burning it with 100% theoretical air in a furnace. Determine the air–fuel ratio on a mass basis.
Liquid propane is burned with dry air. A volumetric analysis of the products of combustion yields the following volume percent composition on a dry basis: 8.6% CO2, 0.6% CO, 7.2% O2 and 83.6% N2. Determine the percent of theoretical air used in this combustion process.
A fuel, Cx Hy, is burned with dry air and the product composition is measured on a dry basis to be: 9.6% CO2, 7.3% O2 and 83.1% N2. Find the fuel composition (x/y) and the percent theoretical air used.
Many coals from the western United States have a high moisture content. Consider the following sample of Wyoming coal, for which the ultimate analysis on an as-received basis is, by mass:Component Moisture H C S N O Ash% mass 28.9 3.5 48.6 0.5 0.7 12.0 5.8This coal is burned in the
Pentane is burned with 120% theoretical air in a constant pressure process at 100 kPa. The products are cooled to ambient temperature, 20C. How much mass of water is condensed per kilogram of fuel? Repeat the answer, assuming that the air used in the combustion has a relative humidity of
The coal gasifier in an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plant produces a gas mixture with the following volumetric percent composition:Product CH4 H2 CO CO2 N2 H2O H2S NH3% vol. 0.3 29.6 41.0 10.0 0.8 17.0 1.1 0.2This gas is cooled to 40°C, 3 MPa, and the H2S
The hot exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine is analyzed and found to have the following percent composition on a volumetric basis at the engine exhaust manifold. 10% CO2, 2% CO, 13% H2O, 3% O2 and 72% N2, this gas is fed to an exhaust gas reactor and mixed with a certain amount of air to
Methanol, CH3OH, is burned with 200% theoretical air in an engine and the products are brought to 100 kPa, 30C. How much water is condensed per kilogram of fuel?
The output gas mixture of a certain air–blown coal gasifier has the composition of producer gas as listed in Table 14.2. Consider the combustion of this gas with 120% theoretical air at 100 kPa pressure. Determine the dew point of the products and find how many kilograms of water will be
Pentene, C5H10 is burned with pure oxygen in an SSSF process. The products atone point are brought to 700 K and used in a heat exchanger, where they are cooled to 25C. Find the specific heat transfer in the heat exchanger.
Butane gas and 200% theoretical air, both at 25C, enter a SSSF combustor. The products of combustion exits at 1000 K. Calculate the heat transfer from the combustor per kmol of butane burned.
Liquid pentane is burned with dry air and the products are measured on a dry basis as: 10.1% CO2, 0.2% CO 5.9% O2 remainder N2. Find the enthalpy of formation for the fuel and the actual equivalence ratio.
A rigid vessel initially contains 2 kmol of carbon and 2 kmol of oxygen at 25C, 200 kPa. Combustion occurs, and the resulting products consist of 1 kmol of carbon dioxide, 1 kmol of carbon monoxide, and excess oxygen at a temperature of 1000 K. Determine the final pressure in the vessel and
In a test of rocket propellant performance, liquid hydrazine (N2H4) at 100 kPa, 25C, and oxygen gas at 100 kPa, 25C, are fed to a combustion chamber in the ratio of 0.5 kg O2/kg N2H4. The heat transfer from the chamber to the surroundings is estimated to be 100 kJ/ kg N2H4,
Repeat the previous problem, but assume that saturated-liquid oxygen at 90 K is used instead of 25C oxygen gas in the combustion process. Use the generalized charts to determine the properties of liquid oxygen.
The combustion of heptane C7H16 takes place in a SSSF burner where fuel and air are added as gases at Po, To. The mixture has 125% theoretical air and the products are going through a heat exchanger where they are cooled to 600 K. Find the heat transfer from the heat exchanger per kmol of heptane
Ethene, C2H4, and propane, C3H8, in a 1; 1 mole ratio as gases are burned with 120% theoretical air in a gas turbine. Fuel is added at 25C, 1 MPa and the air comes from the atmosphere, 25C, 100 kPa through a compressor to 1 MPa and mixed with the fuel. The turbine work is such that
One alternative to using petroleum or natural gas as fuels is ethanol (C2H5OH), which is commonly produced from grain by fermentation. Consider a combustion process in which liquid ethanol is burned with 120% theoretical air in an SSSF process. The reactants enter the combustion chamber at
Another alternative to using petroleum or natural gas as fuels is methanol, CH3OH, which can be produced from coal. Both methanol and ethanol have been used in automotive engines. Repeat the previous problem using liquid methanol as the fuel instead of ethanol.
Another alternative fuel to be seriously considered is hydrogen. It can be produced from water by various techniques that are under extensive study. Its biggest problem at the present time is cost, storage, and safety. Repeat Problem 14.24 using hydrogen gas as the fuel instead of ethanol.
Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, enters a gas generator at 25C, 500 kPa at the rate of 0.1 kg/s and is decomposed to steam and oxygen exiting at 800 K, 500 kPa. The resulting mixture is expanded through a turbine to atmospheric pressure, 100 kPa. Determine the power output of the turbine, and the
In a new high-efficiency furnace, natural gas, assumed to be 90% methane and 10% ethane (by volume) and 110% theoretical air each enter at 25C, 100 kPa, and the products (assumed to be 100% gaseous) exit the furnace at 40C, 100 kPa. What is the heat transfer for this process?
Repeat the previous problem, but take into account the actual phase behavior of the products exiting the furnace.
Butane gas at 25C is mixed with 150% theoretical air at 600 K and is burned in an adiabatic SSSF combustor. What is the temperature of the products exiting the combustor?
In a rocket, hydrogen is burned with air, both reactants supplied as gases at Po, To. The combustion is adiabatic and the mixture is stoichiometric (100% theoretical air). Find the products dew point and the adiabatic flame temperature (~2500 K).
Liquid butane at 25C is mixed with 150% theoretical air at 600 K and is burned in an adiabatic SSSF combustor. Use the generalized charts for the liquid fuel and find the temperature of the products exiting the combustor.
A stoichiometric mixture of benzene, C6H6, and air is mixed from the reactants flowing at 25C, 100 kPa. Find the adiabatic flame temperature. What is the error if constant specific heat at T0 for the products from Table A.5 is used?
Methane, CH4, is burned in an SSSF process with two different oxidizers: Case A: Pure oxygen, O2 and case B: A mixture of O2 x Ar. The reactants are supplied at T0, P0 and the products should for both cases be at 1800 K. Find the required equivalence ratio in case (A) and the
Liquid n-butane at T0, is sprayed into a gas turbine with primary air flowing at 1.0 MPa, 400 K in a stoichiometric ratio. After complete combustion, the products are at the adiabatic flame temperature, which is too high, so secondary air at 1.0 MPa, 400 K is added, with the resulting mixture being
Consider the gas mixture fed to the combustors in the integrated gasification combined cycle power plant, as described in Problem 14.12. If the adiabatic flame temperature should be limited to 1500 K, what percent theoretical air should be used in the combustors?Product CH4 H2 CO CO2 N2 H2O
Acetylene gas at 25C, 100 kPa is fed to the head of a cutting torch. Calculate the adiabatic flame temperature if the acetylene is burned with a) 100% theoretical air at 25C. b) 100% theoretical oxygen at 25C.
Ethene, C2H4, burns with 150% theoretical air in an SSSF constant-pressure process with reactants entering at P0, T0. Find the adiabatic flame temperature.
Solid carbon is burned with stoichiometric air in an SSSF process. The reactants at T0, P0 are heated in a pre-heater to T2 = 500 K, with the energy given by the product gases before flowing to a second heat exchanger, which they leave at T0. Find the temperature of the products T4, and the heat
A study is to be made using liquid ammonia as the fuel in a gas-turbine engine. Consider the compression and combustion processes of this engine. a) Air enters the compressor at 100 kPa, 25C, and is compressed to 1600 kPa, where the isentropic compressor efficiency is 87%. Determine the
A closed, insulated container is charged with a stoichiometric ratio of oxygen and hydrogen at 25C and 150 kPa. After combustion, liquid water at 25C is sprayed in such that the final temperature is 1200 K. What is the final pressure?
Wet biomass waste from a food-processing plant is fed to a catalytic reactor, where in an SSSF process it is converted into a low-energy fuel gas suitable for firing the processing plant boilers. The fuel gas has a composition of 50% methane, 45% carbon dioxide, and 5% hydrogen on a volumetric
Determine the lower heating value of the gas generated from coal as described in Problem 14.12. Do not include the components removed by the water scrubbers.
Propylbenzene, C9H12, is listed in Table 14.3, but not in table A.9. No molecular weight is listed in the book. Find the molecular weight, the enthalpy of formation for the liquid fuel and the enthalpy of evaporation.
Determine the higher heating value of the sample Wyoming coal as specified in Problem 14.10.
Consider natural gas A and natural gas D, both of which are listed in Table 14.2. Calculate the enthalpy of combustion of each gas at 25C, assuming that the products include vapor water. Repeat the answer for liquid water in the products.
Blast furnace gas in a steel mill is available at 250C to be burned for the generation of steam. The composition of this gas is, on a volumetric basis, Component CH4 H2 CO CO2 N2 H2O Percent by volume 0.1 2.4 23.3 14.4 56.4 3.4
The enthalpy of formation of magnesium oxide, MgO(s), is 601827 kJ/kmol at 25C. The melting point of magnesium oxide is approximately 3000 K, and the increase in enthalpy between 298 and 3000 K is 128449 kJ/ kmol. The enthalpy of sublimation at 3000 K is estimated at 418000 kJ/
A rigid container is charged with butane, C4H8, and air in a stoichiometric ratio at P0, T0. The charge burns in a short time with no heat transfer to state 2. The products then cool with time to 1200 K, state 3. Find the final pressure, P3, the total heat transfer, 1Q3, and the temperature
In an engine a mixture of liquid octane and ethanol, mole ratio 9;1, and stoichiometric air are taken in at T0, P0. In the engine the enthalpy of combustion is used so that 30% goes out as work, 30% goes out as heat loss and the rest goes out the exhaust. Find the work and heat transfer per
Consider the same situation as in the previous problem. Find the dew point temperature of the products. If the products in the exhaust are cooled to 10C, find the mass of water condensed per kilogram of fuel mixture.
Calculate the irreversibility for the process described in Problem 14.19.
Pentane gas at 25C, 150 kPa enters an insulated SSSF combustion chamber. Sufficient excess air to hold the combustion products temperature to 1800 K enters separately at 500 K, 150 kPa. Calculate the percent theoretical air required and the irreversibility of the process per kmol of pentane
Consider the combustion of methanol, CH3OH, with 25% excess air. The combustion products are passed through a heat exchanger and exit at 200 kPa, 40C. Calculate the absolute entropy of the products exiting the heat exchanger per kilo mole of methanol burned, using appropriate reference
The turbine in Problem 14.23 is adiabatic. Is it reversible, irreversible, or impossible?
Saturated liquid butane enters an insulated constant pressure combustion chamber at 25C, and x times theoretical oxygen gas enters at the same P and T. The combustion products exit at 3400 K. With complete combustion find x what is the pressure at the chamber exit? And what is the
An inventor claims to have built a device that will take 0.001 kg/s of water from the faucet at 10C, 100 kPa, and produce separate streams of hydrogen and oxygen gas, each at 400 K, 175 kPa. It is stated that this device operates in a 25C room on 10-kW electrical power input. How do
Two kilo moles of ammonia are burned in an SSSF process with x kmol of oxygen. The products, consisting of H2O, N2, and the excess O2, exit at 200C, 7 MPa. a. Calculate x if half the water in the products is condensed. b. Calculate the absolute entropy of the products at the exit
Consider the SSSF combustion of propane at 25C with air at 400 K. The products exit the combustion chamber at 1200 K. It may be assumed that the combustion efficiency is 90%, and that 95% of the carbon in the propane burns to form carbon dioxide; the remaining 5% forms carbon monoxide.
Graphite, C, at P0, T0 is burned with air coming in at P0, 500 K in a ratio so the products exit at P0, 1200 K. Find the equivalence ratio, the percent theoretical air, and the total irreversibility.
A gasoline engine is converted to run on propane. Assume the propane enters the engine at 25C, at the rate 40 kg/h. Only 90% theoretical air enters at 25C such that 90% of the C burns to form CO2, and 10% of the C burns to form CO. The combustion products also include H2O, H2 and
A small air-cooled gasoline engine is tested, and the output is found to be 1.0 kW. The temperature of the products is measured to 600 K. The products are analyzed on a dry volumetric basis, with the result: 11.4% CO2, 2.9% CO, 1.6% O2 and 84.1% N2. The fuel may be considered to be liquid octane.
A gasoline engine uses liquid octane and air, both supplied at P0, T0, in a stoichiometric ratio. The products (complete combustion) flow out of the exhaust valve at 1100 K. Assume that the heat loss carried away by the cooling water, at 100C, is equal to the work output. Find the
In Example 14.16, a basic hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell reaction was analyzed at 25C, 100 kPa. Repeat this calculation, assuming that the fuel cell operates on air at 25C, 100 kPa, instead of on pure oxygen at this state.
Consider a methane-oxygen fuel cell in which the reaction at the anode is CH4 + 2H2O CO2 + 8e– + 8H+ The electrons produced by the reaction flow through the external load, and the positive ions migrate through the electrolyte to the cathode, where the reaction is 8e– + 8 H+ + 2O2 4 H2O a.
A gas mixture of 50% ethane and 50% propane by volume enters a combustion chamber at 350 K, 10 MPa. Determine the enthalpy per kilo mole of this mixture relative to the thermo chemical base of enthalpy using Kay’s rule.
A mixture of 80% ethane and 20% methane on a mole basis is throttled from 10 MPa, 65C, to 100 kPa and is fed to a combustion chamber where it undergoes complete combustion with air, which enters at 100 kPa, 600 K. The amount of air is such that the products of combustion exit at 100 kPa,
Gaseous propane mixes with air, both supplied at 500 K, 0.1 MPa. The mixture goes into a combustion chamber and products of combustion exit at 1300 K, 0.1 MPa. The products analyzed on a dry basis are 11.42% CO2, 0.79% CO, 2.68% O2, and 85.11% N2 on a volume basis. Find the equivalence ratio and
A closed rigid container is charged with propane, C3 H6, and 150% theoretical air at 100 kPa, 298 K. The mixture is ignited and burns with complete combustion. Heat is transferred to a reservoir at 500 K so the final temperature of the products is 700 K. Find the final pressure, the heat transfer
Consider one cylinder of a spark-ignition, internal-combustion engine. Before the compression stroke, the cylinder is filled with a mixture of air and methane. Assume that 110% theoretical air has been used, that the state before compression is 100 kPa, 25C. The compression ratio of the
Consider the combustion process described in Problem 14.67. a. Calculate the absolute entropy of the fuel mixture before it is throttled into the combustion chamber.b. Calculate the irreversibility for the overall process.
Liquid acetylene, C2H2, is stored in a high-pressure storage tank at ambient temperature, 25C. The liquid is fed to an insulated combustor/steam boiler at the steady rate of 1 kg/s, along with 140% theoretical oxygen, O2, which enters at 500 K. The combustion products exit the unit at 500
Natural gas (approximate it as methane) at a ratio of 0.3 kg/s is burned with 250% theoretical air in a combustor at 1 MPa where the reactants are supplied at T0. Steam at 1 MPa, 450C at a rate of 2.5 kg/s is added to the products before they enter an adiabatic turbine with an exhaust
Liquid hexane enters a combustion chamber at 31C, 200 kPa, at the rate 1 kmol/s 200% theoretical air enters separately at 500 K, 200 kPa, and the combustion products exit at 1000 K, 200 kPa. The specific heat of ideal gas hexane is Cp = 143 kJ/kmol K.
Pentane is burned with 120% theoretical air in a constant pressure process at 14.7 lbf/in 2. The products are cooled to ambient temperature, 70 F. How much mass of water is condensed per pound-mass of fuel? Repeat the answer, assuming that the air used in the combustion has a relative humidity of
The output gas mixture of a certain air-blown coal gasifier has the composition of producer gas as listed in Table 14.2. Consider the combustion of this gas with 120% theoretical air at 14.7 lbf/in2 pressure. Find the dew point of the products and the mass of water condensed per pound-mass of fuel
Pentene, C5H10 is burned with pure oxygen in an SSSF process. The products at one point are brought to 1300 R and used in a heat exchanger, where they are cooled to 77 F. Find the specific heat transfer in the heat exchanger.
A rigid vessel initially contains 2 pound mole of carbon and 2 pound mole of oxygen at 77 F, 30 lbf/in 2. Combustion occurs, and the resulting products consist of 1 pound mole of carbon dioxide, 1 pound mole of carbon monoxide, and excess oxygen at a temperature of 1800 R. Determine the final
In a test of rocket propellant performance, liquid hydrazine (N2H4) at 14.7 lbf/in 2, 77 F, and oxygen gas at 14.7 lbf/in 2, 77 F, are fed to a combustion chamber in the ratio of 0.5 lbm O2/lbm N2H4. The heat transfer from the chamber to the surroundings is estimated to be 45 Btu/lbm N2H4.
Repeat the previous problem, but assume that saturated-liquid oxygen at 170 R is used instead of 77 F oxygen gas in the combustion process. Use the generalized charts to determine the properties of liquid oxygen.
Ethene, C2H4, and propane, C3H8, in a 1; 1 mole ratio as gases are burned with 120% theoretical air in a gas turbine. Fuel is added at 77 F, 150 lbf/in 2 and the air comes from the atmosphere, 77 F, 15 lbf/in 2 through a compressor to 150 lbf/in 2 and mixed with the fuel. The turbine work is such
One alternative to using petroleum or natural gas as fuels is ethanol (C2H5OH), which is commonly produced from grain by fermentation. Consider a combustion process in which liquid ethanol is burned with 120% theoretical air in an SSSF process. The reactants enter the combustion chamber at 77 F,
Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, enters a gas generator at 77 F, 75 lbf/in 2 at the rate of 0.2 lb m/s and is decomposed to steam and oxygen exiting at 1500 R, 75 lbf/in 2. The resulting mixture is expanded through a turbine to atmospheric pressure, 14.7 lbf/in 2, as shown in Fig. P14.27. Determine the
In a new high-efficiency furnace, natural gas, assumed to be 90% methane and 10% ethane (by volume) and 110% theoretical air each enter at 77 F, 14.7 lbf/in 2, and the products (assumed to be 100% gaseous) exit the furnace at 100 F,14.7 lbf/in 2 . What is the heat transfer for this process? Compare
Repeat the previous problem, but take into account the actual phase behavior of the products exiting the furnace. Discuss.
Methane, CH4, is burned in an SSSF process with two different oxidizers: A. Pure oxygen, O2 and B a mixture of O2 x Ar The reactants are supplied at T0, P0 and the products in are at 3200 R both cases. Find the required equivalence ratio in case A and the amount of Argon, x,
Butane gas at 77 F is mixed with 150% theoretical air at 1000 R and is burned in an adiabatic SSSF combustor. What is the temperature of the products exiting the combustor?
Liquid n-butane at T0, is sprayed into a gas turbine with primary air flowing at 150 lbf/in 2, 700 R in a stoichiometric ratio. After complete combustion, the products are at the adiabatic flame temperature, which is too high so secondary air at 150 lbf/in 2, 700 R is added, with the resulting
Acetylene gas at 77 F, 14.7 lbf/in 2 is fed to the head of a cutting torch. Calculate the adiabatic flame temperature if the acetylene is burned with 100% theoretical air at 77 F. Repeat the answer for 100% theoretical oxygen at 77 F.
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