What is the proper electrical pathway through the heart from start to finish? It starts with the _____ node. Bundle of His, SA Node, AV Node, Right and Left Bundle Branches, Purkinji Fibers Purkinji Fibers, SA Node, AV Node, Bundle of His, Right and Left Bundle Branches AV Node, SA Node, Purkinji Fibers, Bundle of His, Right and Left Bundle Branches SA Node, AV Node, Bundle of His, Right and Left Bundle Branches, Purkinji Fibers

SA Node, AV Node, Bundle of His, Right and Left Bundle Branches, Purkinji Fibers

Why is hormone blood concentration not always the best predictor of a hormone's activity or effect? Hormone effects are independent of receptor presence. Higher blood concentration always equals greater effects. The number of receptors on a cell determines hormone effects. Lower blood concentration always means fewer effects.

The number of receptors on a cell determines hormone effects.

Why might a hormone affect one tissue/cell but have none or opposite effects on another tissue/cell? Receptor presence is irrelevant to hormone effects. All hormones bind to all receptors equally. Hormones bind only to specific receptors meant for them. Hormones affect all tissues in the same way.

Hormones bind only to specific receptors meant for them.

Which gland produces Growth Hormone (GH) and how does it respond to acute exercise? Posterior Pituitary; decreases with increasing work. Anterior Pituitary; increases with increasing work. Pancreas; decreases with increasing work. Adrenal Medulla; remains constant during exercise.

Anterior Pituitary; increases with increasing work.

How do skeletal muscle arterioles and coronary arteries respond differently to epinephrine? Both constrict equally in response to epinephrine. Skeletal muscle arterioles constrict, coronary arteries dilate. Skeletal muscle arterioles dilate, coronary arteries constrict. Both dilate equally in response to epinephrine.

Skeletal muscle arterioles dilate, coronary arteries constrict.

Why does muscle glucose uptake increase during exercise despite GH and cortisol reducing glucose utilization? GH and cortisol have no effect on glucose utilization. Muscles do not require glucose during exercise. GH and cortisol increase glucose uptake directly. Local factors in muscles increase glucose uptake.

Local factors in muscles increase glucose uptake.

How is muscle glucose uptake increased during exercise when insulin concentration is reduced? Muscles do not require insulin for glucose uptake. Insulin concentration increases during exercise. Special channels in muscles open due to exercise hormones. Exercise decreases glucose uptake in muscles.

Special channels in muscles open due to exercise hormones.

What happens to blood glucose levels if a diabetic person injects insulin and then exercises? Blood glucose levels decrease due to increased muscle uptake. Blood glucose levels remain constant. Blood glucose levels are unaffected by insulin. Blood glucose levels increase due to decreased muscle uptake.

Blood glucose levels decrease due to increased muscle uptake.

What is the effect on blood glucose during exercise in type 1 diabetics if they do not use exogenous insulin? Blood glucose is unaffected by insulin absence. Blood glucose will remain constant. Blood glucose will rise due to lack of insulin. Blood glucose will decrease due to other hormones.

Blood glucose will rise due to lack of insulin.

What stimulates ADH release during exercise, and what is its effect on water loss from the kidney? Hydration; increases water loss by excreting water. ADH is not released during exercise. Dehydration; reduces water loss by reabsorbing water. Exercise intensity; has no effect on water loss.

Dehydration; reduces water loss by reabsorbing water.

What risk do patients using diuretics face when exercising, especially when sweating a lot? Dehydration due to increased water loss. No risk as diuretics have no effect during exercise. Diuretics increase energy levels during exercise. Increased hydration due to water retention.

Dehydration due to increased water loss.

What is smooth muscle and where is it predominantly found? Nonstriated, voluntary muscle found in the heart Striated, voluntary muscle found in limbs Striated, involuntary muscle found in the skin Nonstriated, involuntary muscle found in hollow organs and tubes

Nonstriated, involuntary muscle found in hollow organs and tubes

Are contractile fibers arranged in sarcomeres in smooth muscles? Yes, they are arranged in sarcomeres No, they are not arranged in sarcomeres They are arranged in a different pattern Only in certain types of smooth muscles

No, they are not arranged in sarcomeres

Describe two characteristics of smooth muscle contractions. Contraction alters dimensions of organ and lasts longer than skeletal muscle Contraction is quick and does not alter organ dimensions Contraction is similar to cardiac muscle and lasts shorter Contraction is weak and does not affect organ function

Contraction alters dimensions of organ and lasts longer than skeletal muscle

What are the types of smooth muscle? Fast-twitch and slow-twitch Voluntary and involuntary Cardiac and skeletal Single unit (visceral) and multi-unit

Single unit (visceral) and multi-unit

How do single-unit smooth muscle fibers work? Through chemical signals only In a syncytial fashion, where electrical stimulation of one cell leads to stimulation of adjacent cells Independently, without affecting adjacent cells By direct nerve stimulation only

In a syncytial fashion, where electrical stimulation of one cell leads to stimulation of adjacent cells

Where are single-unit smooth muscles found? Eyes, ears, nose, throat Heart, lungs, brain, liver GI tract, reproductive organs, urinary bladder, small blood vessels Skin, bones, joints, tendons

GI tract, reproductive organs, urinary bladder, small blood vessels

What is the difference between single-unit and multi-unit smooth muscles? Multi-unit muscles are electrically connected, single-unit are not Single-unit muscles are electrically connected, multi-unit are not Neither are electrically connected Both are electrically connected

Single-unit muscles are electrically connected, multi-unit are not

How do actin and myosin in smooth muscle compare to those in skeletal muscle? Filaments are longer and arranged centrally with more myosin Filaments are longer and arranged around the periphery with less myosin Filaments are the same length and arranged similarly with equal myosin Filaments are shorter and arranged randomly with more myosin

Filaments are longer and arranged around the periphery with less myosin

parotid What does pancreatic HCO3- do? What nerve mostly controls pancreatic secretions? What do bile acids do? Which salivary gland makes watery, enzyme rich fluid as serous?

Which salivary gland makes watery, enzyme rich fluid as serous?

submandibular and sublingual What are electrolytes in saliva? What do they do? intercalated duct function oxyntic cells Which glands produce mixed mucus and serious?

Which glands produce mixed mucus and serious?

breaks down lactose Which is not a physiologic function of saliva? -maintain hydration, prevents abrasion of oral mucosa -prevents enamel demineralization (no cavities) -antimicrobial actions (IgA, lactoferrin, peroxidases) -breaks down lactose -swallowing -starch digestion (alpha amylase, pH 6) What is the functional unit of the salivary gland? flow of bile goblet cells

Which is not a physiologic function of saliva? -maintain hydration, prevents abrasion of oral mucosa -prevents enamel demineralization (no cavities) -antimicrobial actions (IgA, lactoferrin, peroxidases) -breaks down lactose -swallowing -starch digestion (alpha amylase, pH 6)