origins, replication bubble (Prokaryotes have 1 origin Eukaryotes have many) DNA replication can only begin at specific locations on the chromosomes called ___, and the ___ ___ starts to form Temperate phages Transcription factors (Eukaryotic only) Virulent phages

DNA replication can only begin at specific locations on the chromosomes called ___, and the ___ ___ starts to form

Keep DNA stands open Topoisomerase What is DNA replication? Single Strand Binding Proteins (SSBP) DNA access (Eukaryotes)

Single Strand Binding Proteins (SSBP)

Autocatylitic Single Strand Binding Proteins (SSBP) The addition of new nucleotide into a strand of DNA is ___ DNA replication can only begin at specific locations on the chromosomes called ___, and the ___ ___ starts to form Telomere

The addition of new nucleotide into a strand of DNA is ___

Biology Unit 6 Molecular Genetics

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Biology - Genetics

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When DNA makes a copy of itself (moves from 5´-3´, the new strand)

origins, replication bubble (Prokaryotes have 1 origin Eukaryotes have many)

enzyme responsible for DNA synthesis

Opens helix (causes strand separation)

Keep DNA stands open

Prevents DNA from supercoiling together

Autocatylitic

the other side of the DNA (across the primary strand), has okazaki fragments

An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment (Okazaki fragments of the lagging strand)

enzyme responsible for replicating ends of eukaryotic organisms, uses an RNA template to add more telomere sequences during replication (then DNA polymerase comes in and finishes the job)

repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome (TTAGGG)

Provides initiation sequence necessary for DNA polymerase to synthesize new strands

synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template (DNA -> RNA), used for protein synthesis in our bodies (RNA is produced in opposite to the DNA template strand)

Attaches to promoter, Synthesizes RNA (like DNA Polymerase almost) (?= promoter)

bind to promoter to help synthesis of RNA

RHO-Independent- the transcript bases hydrogen bond w/ themselves and pull the transcript out of RNA polymerase RHO-Dependent- this protein destabilizes RNA-DNA hydrogen bonding at RNA and halts transcription (both for prokaryotes)

mRNA- carries DNA sequencing info to ribosome (this one has the info to become a protein) tRNA- carries specific amino acids to the ribosome rRNA- major structural building blocks of ribosomes

Exons are the coding DNA (useful) and Introns are the non coding DNA (useless)

Alternative Splicing takes place where introns are cut out and exons are joined together (because they are useful and not useless)

Prokaryotes regulate gene expression entirely by regulating transcription

Eukaryotes regulate gene expression at every step of protein synthesis, from pre-transcription to post-translation (Transcription in nucleus and translation in cytoplasm)

organized clusters of genes that all contribute to a certain metabolic task

Inducible operons (for metabolic pathways that are usually off, ex. Lac operon) and repressible (for metabolic pathways that are usually on, ex. Trp Operon)

A way to increase the rate of transcription of an operon, The CAP/CAMP system (CAMP attaches to CAP to make it active which then attaches to the promoter behind the RNA polymerase increasing the rate of transcription) (High CAMP = low glucose with high LAC = LAC operon is on)

-Only keeps necessary genes accessible---> wind DNA around histones - genes that need to be used have acytl groups (loosened histones for transcription use) which makes euchromatin and ones wo acytl groups are heterochromatin (tight around histones, NOT used for transcription)

-Distal (far) and proximal (close to promoter) control elements are activated by transcription factors - have to have all transcription factors turned on to turn on DNA -once transcription factors activate distal control elements the DNA bends (introns allow it to bond)

A regulatory molecule that gets rid of weird looking RNA to prevent problems in translation

tags hanging proteins for the proteasome to be broken down and recycled for proteins being made

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced (RNA into a polypeptide), happens at Ribosome

-A site- where amino acids enter ribosome -P site- where growing of polypeptide is kept - E site- where empty tRNA molecules leave

bring amino acids to the ribosome (amino acids are added to tRNA molecules through amino-acyl tRNA synthase enzymes)

group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid to be incorporated into a protein

(look at the tRNA with the polypeptides creating a chain interacting with the mRNA in the ribosome, dont forget the different sites too in the ribosome)

smaller than bacteria, cannot reproduce on their own

Genetic info and a caspid (Protein coat)

2 types of phages, Virulent and temperate phages

have a classic "lytic" viral lifecycle (infection, synthesis, assembly, release. The assembly is autocatylitic)

the "lysogenic" cycle - when cells replicate, phage DNA is replicated too -can go to "lytic" cycle as conditions change

-Treatment of bacterial disease using phages -phages are species specific to bacteria

-more diverse than phages -many have a lipid envelope that surrounds the caspid (protein coat) -can have DNA or RNA genomes

plants get viruses too, they typically manifest as "blotchy: pigment patterns

not the simplest infectious particles known (viroids and prions are smaller) - Vioroids do not have a protein coat like a virus so its smaller -Prions are disease causing protein molecules that pile up

mutations are a change in at least one nucleotide of DNA - if one nucleotide is changed it changes the condon on the mRNA which changes the amino acid in translation which changes the function of the protein

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Biology Unit 6 Molecular Genetics

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