genetics exam 1 vocab

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Biology - Genetics

user_kambeorv Created by 9 mon ago

Cards in this deck(68)

A cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits is known as what?

What is the term for a cross in which the phenotypes of the male and female are reversed compared with a prior cross?

What describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait?

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present is called what?

What is a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross?

What principle describes the separation of alleles during gamete formation (meiosis)?

What term describes the offspring of a cross between parents that differ in one or more traits?

What is the term for the progeny of a cross?

What is the term for the progeny of a cross between F1 individuals?

What term describes the observable properties or traits we can see?

What term refers to the genetic make-up, usually of one or a few traits, that determines a trait?

What is the hereditary unit called?

What are the versions of genes present called?

What term describes carrying the same allele of a gene?

What term describes carrying different alleles of a gene?

What is the term for a cross of an unknown genotype to a homozygous recessive parent?

What is a cross involving two traits called?

What rule states that considering mutually exclusive events, the probability of both occurring is the sum of the probabilities of each event?

What rule states that the probability that two or more independent events will occur together is the product of their individual probabilities?

What are any cells in the body other than reproductive cells called?

What are sex cells referred to as?

What term describes having 2 sets of similar (homologous) chromosomes, denoted as 2n?

What term describes having only a single set of similar (homologous) chromosomes, denoted as 1n?

What process produces the same ploidy as the mother cell (2n -> 2 x 2n) in somatic cells, resulting in genetically identical cells?

What process produces half the ploidy of the mother cell (2n -> 4 x 1n) in germ cells, reducing ploidy and reshuffling genetic material?

What phase includes G1, S, and G2 phases, where the cell is not going through mitosis, chromosomes are not condensed, and DNA is replicated in the S phase?

What is the division of the cytoplasm called?

What is the layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell called?

What is found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes?

During which phase do chromosomes condense, nucleoli disappear, and the nuclear envelope breaks down?

What is a single DNA molecule referred to as?

What is the area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached called?

During which phase is the mitotic spindle formed, chromosomes attach to the spindle at the centromere, and align at the metaphase plate?

What is the structure made of microtubules that controls chromosome movement during mitosis called?

What is the imaginary plane during metaphase where the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located midway between the two poles?

During which phase do centromeres divide, and sister chromatids separate and move to poles?

What term describes the movement toward poles as fibers shorten?

What term describes the movement where poles move apart?

During which phase does the spindle disappear, nuclear envelope form, nucleoli form, chromosomes decondense, and typically the cytoplasm divides?

During which phase does crossing over occur?

During which phase do chromosomes begin to condense?

During which phase do homologues begin to pair?

During which phase is a tetrad or bivalent sometimes visible?

During which phase do synapsed chromosomes begin to separate, held together at chiasmata, and the synaptonemal complex disappears?

During which phase do homologue segments that are not connected by chiasmata move further apart, spindle begins to form, and nuclear envelope breaks down?

What is the protein complex that assembles along paired homologues and plays an important role in bringing chromosomes together in chiasmata formation?

During which phase do bivalents orient at the metaphase plate with centromeres on opposite sides of the plate?

During which phase do chiasmata break down, homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles, and crossing over is completed?

During which phase does the spindle break down, the cell divides, and the resulting cells are haploid and genetically different?

What is the pairing of homologues called?

What term describes 4 chromatids in synapsis?

What is a pair of synapsed chromosomes called?

What are the points of crossing over called?

What is the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring?

What is the structure that contains identical DNA copies and is formed during DNA replication?

What are dead ends, may or may not divide, smaller daughter cells that aren't functional called?

What occurs when certain traits are determined by genes on sex chromosomes?

What is the inheritance pattern of genes found on the X chromosome but not on the Y chromosome?

What is a gene present on the X chromosome that is expressed in males in both the recessive and dominant condition called?

What is the short region present on both X and Y chromosomes (non-sex 2 copies) called?

What is the failure of chromosomes to disjoin (separate) during cell division, which can occur in meiosis 1 or 2?

What is a diagram of familial relationships and transmission traits called?

What is the term for one gene affecting many phenotypes, where a single mutation can affect many different things in the body?

What is the test to determine whether X1, X2, X3, and X4 are new mutations in P, C, or in a new gene?

What is the term for when 1 wild-type copy is not enough, resulting in a mutant phenotype?

What is the term for when neither allele is dominant over the other, and the heterozygote has a unique phenotype?

What is the term for when the resulting offspring have a phenotype that is a blending of the parental traits?

What is the condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed?

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