Earth Science Final Exam

Flashcard

Learn Mode

Match

Library

Create

Flashcards

Library

Match (Coming Soon)

Earth Science - Geology

user_jevbwl Created by 9 mon ago

Cards in this deck(52)

The solid-state alteration of preexisting rocks (protoliths) under changes in temperature, pressure, and the presence of fluids is known as _____.

Rocks that have a parallel planar fabric cutting through them, developed due to differential stress and a significant component of platy minerals, are called _____.

A fine-grained, low-grade metamorphic rock derived from shale, with a distinct foliation called slaty cleavage, is known as _____.

A rock with fine to coarsely crystalline texture and larger micas indicating medium- to high-grade metamorphism, with a distinct foliation from large micas called schistosity, is _____.

A rock with distinct compositional bands, comprised of light bands of felsic minerals alternating with dark bands of mafic minerals, is called _____.

Metamorphic rocks that have no planar fabric evident because they lack inequant minerals and/or recrystallized without differential stress are termed _____.

A coarsely crystalline rock composed of calcite or dolomite, derived from a limestone or dolostone protolith, is known as _____.

A metamorphosed quartz sandstone, where sand grains in the protolith recrystallize and fuse to form a hard, glassy, and resistant rock, is called _____.

The metamorphic process in which minerals change size and shape without altering the chemical composition is known as _____.

The metamorphic process that involves the formation of new minerals from unstable ones in the protolith is called _____.

The metamorphic processes in which minerals dissolve or deform under stress, altering the rock's structure, are known as _____ _____ and _____ _____.

In _____ metamorphism, rocks and minerals' textures are changed mainly by heat due to contact with magma.

In _____ metamorphism, pressure and temperature change due to orogenesis (mountain building).

In _____ metamorphism, shearing in a fault zone forms mylonite and fault breccia.

In _____ metamorphism, alteration by hot water leaching (chlorite, epidote, sulfide) occurs.

_____ rocks are used for historical and practical applications, such as in construction and art.

_____ are caused by the sudden release of energy due to tectonic forces, resulting in ground shaking.

_____ are breaks in the Earth's crust where earthquakes commonly occur, including normal, reverse, thrust, and strike-slip types.

In a _____ fault, the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall, often resulting from extension (pull-apart or stretching).

In a _____ fault, the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall, usually resulting from compression (squeezing or shortening).

A _____ fault is a special kind of reverse fault with a lower angle slope (dip), common in compressional mountain belts.

In a _____ fault, one block slides laterally past the other block with no vertical motion across the fault.

_____ waves travel by compressing and expanding the material parallel to the wave-travel direction, being the fastest seismic waves.

_____ waves travel by moving material back and forth, perpendicular to the wave-travel direction, and only travel through solids.

_____ waves are s-waves that intersect the land surface, moving the ground back and forth like a writhing snake.

_____ waves are P-waves that intersect the land surface, causing the ground to ripple up and down like water.

_____ result from displacement of the sea floor by an earthquake, submarine landslide, or volcanic explosion.

In this earthquake hazard, shaking causes material on steep slopes to fail. _____ frequently accompany earthquakes in places with topographic relief.

_____ is the process in which seismic waves liquefy water-filled sediments, reducing friction and causing soil to lose strength.

The most common result of earthquakes are _____. Shaking topples stoves, candles, and power lines, and breaks gas mains.

In _____ prediction and preparedness, long-term risks can be assessed, but short-term predictions remain unreliable.

The concept of _____ _____ describes the vast span of Earth's history, revealed through geological processes.

The _____ dating technique is based upon the order of formation and permits determination of older vs. younger relationships.

The _____ dating technique is the actual number of years since an event occurred.

The _____ _____ _____ is divided into eons, eras, periods, and epochs, each marked by significant geological and biological events.

The principle of _____ states that the processes observed today were the same in the past.

The principle of _____ states that in an undeformed sequence of layered rocks, each bed is older than the one above.

The principle of _____ states that because sediments settle out a fluid by gravity, they tend to accumulate horizontally.

The principle of _____ relationships states that younger features truncate (cut across) older features.

The principle of _____ _____ states that fossils, often preserved in sedimentary rocks, are extremely useful as time markers for relative age dating.

_____ _____ is a technique for correlating rock layers across different regions to piece together Earth's history.

The _____ Eon is characterized by the formation of Earth's early atmosphere and oceans, intense volcanic activity, and meteorite bombardment.

The _____ Eon marks the appearance of the first life forms, primarily single-celled organisms, and the development of stable continental crusts.

The _____ Eon is noted for the rise of atmospheric oxygen due to photosynthesis by cyanobacteria and the appearance of more complex life forms.

The _____ Eon is divided into three eras: Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic.

The _____ Eon is marked by significant biological diversification and the movement of continental plates.

The _____ Era is known for the 'Cambrian Explosion,' a rapid increase in the diversity of life forms, and the development of marine and terrestrial ecosystems.

The _____ Era is characterized as the 'Age of Reptiles,' including dinosaurs, and ends with a mass extinction event.

The _____ Era is marked by the dominance of mammals and birds, recent ice ages, and the development of human civilizations.

_____ is a supercontinent that formed and later broke apart, influencing climate and evolutionary paths.

The _____ _____ _____ is an event in which an asteroid impact led to the extinction of the dinosaurs and many other species.

The development of the _____ _____ included the formation of mountain ranges, expansion of grasslands, and evolution leading up to the Anthropocene.

Ask Our AI Tutor

Get Instant Help with Your Questions

Need help understanding a concept or solving a problem? Type your question below, and our AI tutor will provide a personalized answer in real-time!

How it works

Ask any academic question, and our AI tutor will respond instantly with explanations, solutions, or examples.

Get Started

Browse questions and discover topic-based flashcards
Practice with engaging flashcards designed for each subject
Strengthen memory with concise, effective learning tools

Discover By Topic

Earth Science Final Exam

Related Decks