What is a cohort study in epidemiology? Assigned participants to treatment or control groups Collected data at a single point in time Followed a group of individuals over time Compared populations across different regions

Followed a group of individuals over time

How is birth rate calculated in a population? # of new cases / Total Population # of live births / Total Population # of recovered cases / Total Population # of deaths / Total Population

# of live births / Total Population

What characterizes a cross-sectional study? Collected data at a single point and time Assigned participants to different groups Compared disease rates across countries Followed individuals over several years

Collected data at a single point and time

What is an RCT in clinical research? Collected data at a single point in time Assigned participants to either a treatment or control group, then measured their outcomes Followed a group of individuals over time Compared disease rates across different regions

Assigned participants to either a treatment or control group, then measured their outcomes

What is the median in statistical analysis? Measure of central location generally preferred for summarizing skewed data such as incubation period Average of all data points Most frequently occurring value Difference between the highest and lowest values

Measure of central location generally preferred for summarizing skewed data such as incubation period

What is sensitivity in the context of diagnostic tests? Likelihood that a person with a positive test result has the disease Intrinsic characteristic of a test that correctly identifies the positive individuals Intrinsic characteristic of a test that correctly identifies non-affected individuals Likelihood that a person with a negative test result does not have the disease

Intrinsic characteristic of a test that correctly identifies the positive individuals

What is an example of a cross-sectional study? Comparing disease rates across different countries A survey is conducted to assess the prevalence of obesity among adults in a specific region at a single point in time Randomly assigning patients to a new drug treatment or placebo group Following a group of smokers and non-smokers over 10 years

A survey is conducted to assess the prevalence of obesity among adults in a specific region at a single point in time

What is an example of an RCT? Comparing disease rates across different countries Following a group of individuals over time to study birth outcomes Patients with hypertension are randomly assigned to either a new drug treatment group or a placebo group, and their blood pressure levels are measured over six months. A survey is conducted to assess the prevalence of obesity among adults

Patients with hypertension are randomly assigned to either a new drug treatment group or a placebo group, and their blood pressure levels are measured over six months.

What is an ecological study in epidemiology? Randomly assigning participants to treatment or control groups The incidence of a particular disease is compared across different countries to explore the association between air pollution levels and disease rates Collecting data at a single point in time Following a group of individuals over time

The incidence of a particular disease is compared across different countries to explore the association between air pollution levels and disease rates

Which of the following are families of DNA viruses? Reoviridae, Togaviridae, Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae Retroviridae, Flaviviridae, Coronaviridae, Picornaviridae Parvoviridae, Adenoviridae, Papovaviridae, Herpesviridae, Hepadnaviridae Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Filoviridae, Rhabdoviridae

Parvoviridae, Adenoviridae, Papovaviridae, Herpesviridae, Hepadnaviridae

What is the mode of transmission for Parvovirus B-19? Direct contact with vesicular lesions Sexual contact Contact with respiratory droplets Blood transfusion

Contact with respiratory droplets

Which diseases are associated with Parvovirus B-19? Infectious Mononucleosis, Splenomegaly Erythema infectiosum, Aplastic Crisis, Hydrops fetalis Genital warts, Cervical carcinoma Conjunctivitis, Pharyngitis, Bronchitis

Erythema infectiosum, Aplastic Crisis, Hydrops fetalis

What is Hydrops fetalis and what causes it? A disease causing splenomegaly A condition leading to conjunctivitis Death of fetus due to severe anemia A rash with a 'slapped cheek' appearance

Death of fetus due to severe anemia

What are the symptoms of Erythema infectiosum? Genital warts, cervical carcinoma Splenomegaly, fever, sore throat Conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis Bright red cheek rash, fever, coryza, sore throat

Bright red cheek rash, fever, coryza, sore throat

What is the mode of transmission for adenovirus? Blood transfusion Sexual contact Contact with respiratory droplets Direct contact with vesicular lesions

Contact with respiratory droplets

What diseases are associated with adenovirus? Genital warts, cervical carcinoma Conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, acute gastroenteritis Infectious Mononucleosis, splenomegaly Erythema infectiosum, aplastic crisis

Conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, acute gastroenteritis

In DNA replication, each strand serves as a template strand for what? Lipid synthesis The synthesis of the new complementary DNA strands The synthesis of RNA Protein synthesis

The synthesis of the new complementary DNA strands

What does the conservative model of DNA replication propose? Both parental strands stay together after DNA replication Each parental strand pairs with a new daughter strand Only one parental strand is used as a template Parental and daughter DNA segments are interspersed

Both parental strands stay together after DNA replication

What does the semiconservative model of DNA replication propose? The double-stranded DNA contains one parental and one daughter strand following replication Parental and daughter DNA segments are interspersed Both parental strands stay together after DNA replication Only one parental strand is used as a template

The double-stranded DNA contains one parental and one daughter strand following replication

What does the dispersive model of DNA replication propose? Both parental strands stay together after DNA replication Each parental strand pairs with a new daughter strand Only one parental strand is used as a template Parental and daughter DNA segments are interspersed in both strands following replication

Parental and daughter DNA segments are interspersed in both strands following replication

What are the auscultation characteristics of aortic stenosis? Harsh, low-pitched, mid-late peaking, systolic 'ejection', crescendo-decrescendo murmur. Heard best at the right upper sternal border and radiates to the carotids. Low-pitched, mid-diastolic, rumbling murmur with a prominent S1 and opening snap. High-pitched, blowing, holosystolic murmur, can radiate to the left axilla and is best heard at the apex. High-pitched, blowing decrescendo or sustained, diastolic murmur. Best heard at the left sternal border.

Harsh, low-pitched, mid-late peaking, systolic 'ejection', crescendo-decrescendo murmur. Heard best at the right upper sternal border and radiates to the carotids.

When a person has aortic stenosis, what is another heart sound heard on auscultation? A pericardial friction rub A third heart sound, or Ventricular Gallop A continuous machinery murmur A fourth heart sound, or Atrial Gallop

A fourth heart sound, or Atrial Gallop

What are the auscultation characteristics of aortic regurgitation? High-pitched, blowing, holosystolic murmur, can radiate to the left axilla. Harsh, low-pitched, mid-late peaking, systolic 'ejection', crescendo-decrescendo murmur. Low-pitched, mid-diastolic, rumbling murmur with a prominent S1 and opening snap. High-pitched, blowing decrescendo or sustained, diastolic murmur. Best heard at the left sternal border.

High-pitched, blowing decrescendo or sustained, diastolic murmur. Best heard at the left sternal border.

Does aortic regurgitation affect palpable pulses, and if so, how? No, pulses become irregular but not bounding. No, pulses remain normal with no significant changes. Yes, pulses will be bounding, and the patient will have widened pulse pressures. Yes, pulses become weak and thready with narrowed pulse pressures.

Yes, pulses will be bounding, and the patient will have widened pulse pressures.

What are the auscultation characteristics of mitral regurgitation? Brief high-pitched decrescendo early diastolic blowing murmur, heard best at left upper sternal border. Harsh, low-pitched, mid-late peaking, systolic 'ejection', crescendo-decrescendo murmur. Low-pitched, mid-diastolic, rumbling murmur with a prominent S1 and opening snap. High-pitched, blowing, holosystolic murmur, can radiate to the left axilla and is best heard at the apex.

High-pitched, blowing, holosystolic murmur, can radiate to the left axilla and is best heard at the apex.

What are the auscultation characteristics of pulmonary stenosis? High-pitched, blowing decrescendo or sustained, diastolic murmur. Harsh mid-systolic ejection crescendo-decrescendo murmur with a palpable parasternal lift. Low-pitched, mid-diastolic, rumbling murmur with a prominent S1 and opening snap. High-pitched, blowing, holosystolic murmur, can radiate to the left axilla.

Harsh mid-systolic ejection crescendo-decrescendo murmur with a palpable parasternal lift.

What are some other characteristics of the murmur heard with pulmonary stenosis? High-pitched, blowing decrescendo or sustained, diastolic murmur, best heard at the left sternal border. Low-pitched, mid-diastolic, rumbling murmur with a prominent S1 and opening snap. Sometimes accompanied by a thrill and/or click, heard best at left upper sternal border, can radiate to the left shoulder/neck, increases with inspiration. High-pitched, blowing, holosystolic murmur, can radiate to the left axilla.

Sometimes accompanied by a thrill and/or click, heard best at left upper sternal border, can radiate to the left shoulder/neck, increases with inspiration.