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Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 2nd Edition Gregory J. Privitera - Solutions

List five characteristics of the mean?
A social scientist measures the number of minutes (per day) that a small hypothetical population of college students spends online.(a) What is the range of data in this population?(b) What is the IQR of data in this population?(c) What is the SIQR of data in this population?(d) What is the
Suppose the researcher selects a sample of eight students from the population in Question 11. The sample consists of persons A, B, C, F, G, H, I, and J.(a) What is the range of data in this sample?(b) What is the IQR of data in this sample?(c) What is the SIQR of data in this sample?(d) What is the
Wan, Friedman, Boutros, and Crawford (2008) studied a possible link between smoking and certain personality traits by sex. In a description of their participants (M ± SD), the researchers stated that "of those who reported smoking, men (n=61) and women (n=93) reported … similar daily cigarette
Schoenfeld, Bredow, and Huston (2012) had couples who were married complete a rating scale indicating their feelings of love for their partners-that is, "the extent to which [they] felt a sense of closeness, belonging, and attachment to their partners" (p. 1400). Higher ratings indicated greater
In a second study, Salska and colleagues (2008) distributed a survey to a group of men and women to see what each participant's ideal height would be for a partner. Based on the data given in the table, which gender (men or women) reported ideal height preferences (first row) that most closely
Explain why deviations from the mean are squared in the formula for variance.
Based on the empirical rule, what percentage of data fall within 1 SD, 2 SD, and 3 SD of the mean for data that are distributed normally?
In a study of group dynamics among business executives, R is the outcome where an executive's rank holds great influence and I is the outcome where employees are directly influenced by an executive's decision. State the following probabilities in words.(a) p(R)(b) p(I)(c) p(R∩I)(d) p(R∪I)
In a proposed program of research, L is an effect that will be detect ed in a population, and E is an effect that exists in a population. State the following probabilities in words.(a) p(L)(b) p(E)(c) p(L/E)(d) p(L∩E)
Bar-eli, Azar, Ritov, Keidar-Levin, and Schein (2007) analyzed 286 penalty kicks among professional soccer players. They recorded the direction that the ball was kicked (left, center, right) and the direction that the goalie went to block the kick (left, center, right). The following table shows
Based on the same table given in Question 33,(a) What is the probability that the ball was kicked to the right,(b) What is the probability that the ball was kicked right and the goalie jumped right, and(c) What is the probability that the goalie jumped to the right, given that the ball was kicked
Tunney (2006) was interested in various probability relationships. Specifically, he was interested in how the presentation of probabilities (either as a probability or as a frequency) influenced participant choices. The following is an example of how he presented bets for frequency and probability.
What is a probability distribution? What makes a binomial probability distribution unique?
Maureen O'Sullivan (2007) stated that research on expert lie detection is "based on three assumptions: 1) Lie detection is an ability that can be measured; 2) This ability is distributed like many other abilities (i.e., normally); 3) Therefore, only a very few people will be highly accurate" (p.
State eight characteristics of the normal distribution.
Using the central limit theorem, what is the distribution of sample means when the population distribution is:(a) Rectangular?(b) Normal?(c) Positively skewed?(d) Nonmodal?(e) Multimodal?(f) Negatively skewed?
Explain how conditional probabilities are related to sampling without replacement.
A population is normally distributed with a mean of 56 and a standard deviation of 12.(a) What is the mean of the sampling distribution (μM) for this population?(b) If a sample of 36 participants is selected from this population, what is the standard error of the mean (σM)?(c) Sketch the shape of
A population is normally distributed with a mean of −30 and a standard deviation of 4.(a) What is the mean of the sampling distribution (μM) for this population?(b) If a sample of 16 participants is selected from this population, what is the standard error of the mean (σM)?(c) Sketch the shape
Ryan (2006) reported about the effectiveness of an assignment given to students during a statistics class. The in-class assignment was aimed at helping students understand sampling distributions. In this study, participants selected 120 samples of size 3 from a population of 5 scores (0, 0, 0, 3,
Distinguish between sampling where order matters and sampling where order does not matter.
Distinguish between sampling with replacement and sampling without replacement.
The sample mean is an unbiased estimator of the population mean. Explain this statement.
Define the central limit theorem.
Explain why the following statement is true: μ = μM.
The sample variance is an unbiased estimator of the population variance when we divide SS by df. What does this mean?
Distinguish between the significance and the effect size of a result.
Explain why the following statement is true: The population standard deviation is always larger than the standard error when the sample size is greater than one (n > 1).
A researcher conducts a one-sample z test and makes the decision to reject the null hypothesis. Another researcher selects a larger sample from the same population, obtains the same sample mean, and makes the decision to retain the null hypothesis using the same hypothesis test. Is this possible?
For each p value stated below,(1) What is the decision for each if α = .05,(2) What is the decision for each if α = .01?(a) p = .1000(b) p = .0250(c) p = .0050(d) p = .0001
For each obtained value stated below,(1) What is the decision for each if α = .05 (one-tailed test, upper-tail critical),(2) What is the decision for each if α = .01 (two-tailed test)?(a) zobt = 2.10(b) zobt = 1.70(c) zobt = 2.75(d) zobt = −3.30
The physical fitness score for a population of police officers at a local police station is 72, with a standard deviation of 7 on a 100-point physical endurance scale. Suppose the police chief selects a sample of 49 local police officers from this population and records a mean physical fitness
A cheerleading squad received a mean rating (out of 100 possible points) of 75 ± 12 (μ ± σ) in competitions over the previous three seasons. The same cheerleading squad performed in 36 local competitions this season with a mean rating equal to 78 in competitions. Suppose we conduct a one-sample
A local school reports that the average GPA in the entire school is a mean score of 2.66, with a standard deviation of 0.40. The school announces that it will be introducing a new program designed to improve GPA scores at the school. What is the effect size (d) for this program if it is expected to
Compute effect size and state whether it is small, medium, or large for a 1- point effect (M − μ = 1) given the following population standard deviations:(a) σ = 1(b) σ = 2(c) σ = 4(d) σ = 6
Cho and Abe (2013) provided a commentary on the appropriate use of one-tailed and two-tailed tests in behavioral research. In their discussion, they outlined the following hypothetical null and alternative hypotheses to test a research hypothesis that males self disclose more than females:H0:
In their book, Common Errors in Statistics (and How to Avoid Them), Good and Hardin (2003) wrote, "No one will know whether your [one-tailed] hypothesis was conceived before you started or only after you had examined the data" (p. 347). Why do the authors state this as a concern for one tailed
What is the power in hypothesis testing?
Explain why a one-tailed test is associated with greater power than a two tailed test.
How are the rejection regions, the probability of a Type I error, the level of significance, and the alpha level related?
What is the main limitation of the z test? Name the alternative to the z test that does not have this limitation.
The values listed below are the obtained values for a t statistic.(1) What is your decision for each if df = 30 and α = .05 for a two-tailed test?(2) What is your decision for each if df = 30, and we change to α = .01 for an upper-tail critical test?(a) tobt = 2.050(b) tobt = 1.680(c) tobt =
A schoolteacher is concerned that her students watch more TV than the average American child. She reads that according to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), the average American child in the population watches 4 hours of TV per day. She records the number of hours of TV each of her six
A psychology department secretary notices that the average number of student complaints the department receives per week is 1.4 (m = 1.4). He notices that the department has made some poor policy changes recently and wants to see if the number of complaints that the department receives has
In a study on the likability of comedians, 10 participants observed one of two comedians (one who was humorous and another who was not humorous) and rated how likable these comedians were on a 7-point scale from 1 (not likable at all) to 7 (very likable). The ratings by each participant are given
To demonstrate flavor aversion learning (that is, learning to dislike a flavor that is associated with becoming sick), researchers gave one group of laboratory rats an injection of lithium chloride immediately following consumption of saccharin-flavored water. Lithium chloride makes rats feel sick.
In an explanation regarding the use of t tests, Zimmerman (2012) implied that power is greater for a test associated with n − 1 degrees of freedom compared to a test associated with N − 2 degrees of freedom assuming that the total sample sizes are equal (i.e., n = N). Based on the information
Yuan and Maxwell (2005) investigated how the power of a study influences the decisions researchers make in an experiment. In their introduction concerning effect size, they stated that "the exact true effect size is generally unknown even after the experiment. But one can estimate the effect size
How does the shape of a t distribution change as the sample size increases? Explain.
As part of a larger study, Stipanicic, Nolin, Fortin, and Gobeil (2008) compared global IQ scores in a sample of 11 children (n1 = 11) with shaken baby syndrome (SBS) to those of 11 children without the syndrome (n2 = 11). Global IQ scores were 86.36 ± 15.16 (M ± SD) for children with SBS and
Why are the degrees of freedom for the t distribution and the degrees of freedom for sample variance the same?
Distinguish between related samples and independent samples.
Is the related-samples t test computed differently for a repeated-measures design and a matched-pairs design? Explain.
Describe in words the formula for an estimated Cohen's d for two related samples.
What information is provided when you report the results of a related-samples t test?
For each example, state whether the one-sample, two-independent-sample, or related-samples t test is most appropriate. If it is a related-samples t test, indicate whether the test is a repeated-measures design or a matched-pairs design.(a) A professor tests whether students sitting in the front row
Using the data listed in Question 15,In Q 15Time 1 ______________ Time 24 .............................83 .............................25 .............................74 .............................66 .............................3(a) Compute the mean difference (MD), standard deviation (sD), and
A health psychologist noticed that the siblings of his obese patients are often not overweight. He hypothesized that the normal-weight siblings consume fewer daily calories than the obese patients. To test this using a matched-pairs design, he compared the daily caloric intake of 20 obese patients
Name and define two repeated-measures designs.
Liang, Chiang, Chien, and Yeh (2007) tested whether teachers for children with cancer (case) perceived these children similarly to a group of healthy children (control). They measured a variety of social factors, including social withdrawal, somatic complaints, and other social problems. The
Bellou (2007) tested how well employees adjust to organizational change in terms of the psychological contract. This contract refers to employees' belief that their on-the-job performance while employed will be fairly recognized. She tested employees working in a merged or acquired (M&A)
Define difference scores. How does using difference scores increase the power of a related-samples t test?
Explain how estimation differs from hypothesis testing in terms of making decisions regarding the null hypothesis.
What is the estimation formula for each type of t test?
Explain how the process of estimation is different from hypothesis testing.
Sanchez-Meca and Marin- Martinez (2008) noted in their article that "using the t distribution produces CIs that are wider then those of the standard normal distribution" (p. 34). Explain why this statement is true.
Define point estimation and interval estimation.
What are an advantage and a disadvantage of using only the sample mean to estimate the population mean?
Explain how to determine the effect size of an outcome based on the limits stated for a confidence interval.
What are the three steps to compute an estimation formula?
A researcher records the following data for each of three groups. What is the value of the F statistic? Explain your answer.
State three errors in the following APA-style summary for the outcome of a one-way between subjects ANOVA:A one-way analysis of variance showed that women scored significantly higher on a test for emotional intelligence compared to men in this sample, F(2, 18) = 2.87, p < .05 (η2 = −.19).
The following is an incomplete F table summarizing the results of a study of the variance of reaction times during a training exercise in a sample of 14 (n = 14) highly experienced, moderately experienced, and inexperienced athletes.(a) Complete the F table.(b) Compute eta-squared (η2).(c) Is the
The following is an incomplete F table summarizing the results of a study of the variance of life satisfaction scores among unemployed, retired, part-time, and full-time employees.(a) Complete the F table.(b) Compute omega-squared (Ï‰2).(c) Is the decision to retain or reject the null hypothesis?
To test whether animal subjects consume the same amounts of sweet-tasting solutions, a researcher has 10 subjects consume one of three sweet-tasting solutions: sucrose, saccharin, or Polycose. The amount consumed (in milliliters) of each solution is given in the table.(a) Complete the F table.(b)
Iconic memory is a type of memory that holds visual information for about half a second (0.5 second). To demonstrate this type of memory, participants were shown three rows of four letters for 50 milliseconds. They were then asked to recall as many letters as possible, with a 0-, 0.5-, or
To test whether arousal or stress levels increase as the difficulty of a task increases, 10 participants were asked to complete an easy, typical, or difficult task. Their galvanic skin response (GSR) was recorded. A GSR measures the electrical signals of the skin in units called micro Siemens
To test whether students in a higher grade level would be less disruptive in class, a school psychologist recorded the number of documented interruptions during one day of classes from nine local high schools. The sample consisted of nine freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior high school classes.
Volker (2006) stated the following in an article describing recommendations for the use of effect size in school psychology research: "Report at least one measure of effect size for each major [pairwise] comparison ... it is probably best to report only effect size results for comparisons that are
Define the following terms:(a) Sum of squares between groups(b) Sum of squares error(c) Mean square between groups(d) Mean square error
Define experiment wise alpha. What type of test controls for experiment wise alpha?
When is it appropriate to compute the one-way within-subjects ANOVA?
A researcher is interested in how perceptions of global warming influence consumer spending. He selects a sample of 10 environmentalists with strong perceptions of global warming and has them report how much they spend on a variety of "typical" items. These items were categorized as detrimental,
A child psychologist treated four children who were afraid of snakes with a behavioral modification procedure called systematic desensitization. In this procedure, children were slowly introduced to a snake over four treatment sessions. Children rated how fearful they were of the snake before the
In a study on attention and performance of memory tasks, six participants attended a 1-hour lecture on a topic chosen at random. Following this lecture, they received a survey testing their knowledge of the topics covered. After each 15 minute interval of the lecture, participants were asked 10
A study investigated the effects of physical fatigue on the performance of professional tennis players. Researchers measured the number of unforced errors committed by a random sample of 12 professional tennis players during the first three sets of a match. They hypothesized that increased fatigue
A group of clinicians who are members of the U.S. military are concerned with the morale of troops serving in war regions. They hypothesize that the number of tours a soldier has served significantly affects morale. To test this hypothesis, they select a sample of eight soldiers who served three
Air traffic controllers perform the vital function of regulating the traffic of passenger planes. Frequently, air traffic controllers work long hours with little sleep. Researchers wanted to test their ability to make basic decisions as they become increasingly sleep deprived. To test their
An administrator notices that high school students tend to be more disruptive in classes with a substitute teacher. To test this, the administrator records the number of student outbursts during a class of 10 students with their assigned teacher and a substitute teacher. The following is an ANOVA
Some studies show that people who think they are intoxicated will show signs of intoxication, even if they did not consume alcohol. To test whether this is true, researchers had a group of five adults consume nonalcoholic drinks, which they were told contained alcohol. The participants completed a
Wainwright, Leatherdale, and Dublin (2007) evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of using an ANOVA to analyze data with animal models. They explained that animal pups are often raised or clustered together. In terms of the assumptions for an ANOVA, they state, An analysis that is based on
In an article applying models that use repeated measures, Thomas and Zumbo (2012) identified that the within-subjects ANOVA "can have ... high power" (p. 42). As also identified in this chapter for the one-way within-subjects ANOVA, state the three rules for identifying when the within-subjects
Elias (2007) asked students about the appropriateness of various types of social power used by professors in the classroom. This author asked a group of participants to complete a survey where higher scores indicated more appropriate ratings for the use of a type of social power. He found that
Wilfley and colleagues (2008) tested whether the antiobesity drug sibutramine would be an effective treatment for people with binge eating disorder. They measured the frequency of binge eating every 2 weeks for 24 weeks during treatment. The following table lists a portion of the data similar to
In a study investigating how consumption of water during a meal influenced food intake, Andrade, Kresge, Teixeira, Baptista, and Melanson (2012) used a within-subjects ANOVA to analyze changes in meal consumption over the course of a meal. To identify their analysis, they explained that
Explain why the between-persons variation is removed from the denominator of the test statistic for the one-way within-subjects ANOVA.
Define the following terms:(a) Degrees of freedom between persons(b) Sum of squares between persons(c) Mean square between persons
Define testwise alpha. Name the post hoc procedure used to determine the testwise alpha for multiple pairwise comparisons.
The following table summarizes the cell, column, and row means for a 2 × 2 ANOVA.(a) Which means reflect a main effect for Factor A?(b) Which means reflect a main effect for Factor B?(c) Which means reflect the interaction between Factors A and B?

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