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A Concise Introduction to Logic 13th edition Patrick J. Hurley, Lori Watson - Solutions

Answer "true" or "false" to the following statements: 1. The purpose of the premise or premises is to set forth the reasons or evidence given in support of the conclusion. 2. Some arguments have more than one conclusion. 3. All arguments must have more than one premise. 4. The words "therefore,"
1. The turkey vulture is called by that name because its red featherless head resembles the head of a wild turkey.2. If public education fails to improve the quality of instruction in both primary and secondary schools, then it is likely that it will lose additional students to the private sector
1. Five college students who were accused of sneaking into the Cincinnati Zoo and trying to ride the camels pleaded no contest to criminal trespass yesterday. The students scaled a fence to get into the zoo and then climbed another fence to get into the camel pit before security officials caught
1. No business concern wants to sell on credit to a customer who will prove unable or unwilling to pay his or her account. Consequently, most business organizations include a credit department which must reach a decision on the credit worthiness of each prospective customer. 2. For organisms at the
1. Words are slippery customers. The full meaning of a word does not appear until it is placed in its context. . . . And even then the meaning will depend upon the listener, upon the speaker, upon their entire experience of the language, upon their knowledge of one another, and upon the whole
1. What this country needs is a return to the concept of swift and certain justice. If we need more courts, judges and prisons, then so be it. And as for capital punishment, I say let the punishment fit the crime. When criminals behave more like humans, then we can start to treat them more
Define the following terms: Expository passage........................Conditional statement Illustration..................................Antecedent Argument from example..................Consequent Explanation.................................Sufficient
Answer "true" or "false" to the following statements: 1. Any passage that contains an argument must contain a claim that something is supported by evidence or reasons. 2. In an argument, the claim that something is supported by evidence or reasons is always explicit. 3. Passages that contain
Fill in the blanks with "necessary" or "sufficient" to make the following statements true. After the blanks have been filled in, express the result in terms of conditional statements.1. Being a tiger is a ____________ condition for being an animal.2. Being an animal is a ____________ condition for
I. Determine whether the following are demonstrative definitions, enumerative definitions, definitions by subclass, synonymous definitions, etymological definitions, operational definitions, or definitions by genus and difference.1. "Plant" means something such as a tree, a flower, a vine, or a
Construct a partial enumerative definition for the following terms by naming three members of the class the term denotes. Then find a nonsynonymous term that these members serve equally well to define. Example: "Poet" means a person such as Wordsworth, Coleridge, or Shelley. A nonsynonymous term is
Construct a complete enumerative definition for the following terms: a. Ocean b. Continent
Construct a definition by subclass for the following terms by naming three subclasses of the class the term denotes. Then find a nonsynonymous term that these subclasses serve equally well to define.a. Animalb. Fishc. Vehicled. Gemstonee. Polygon
Construct a complete definition by subclass for the following terms: a. Quadrilateral b. Circulating American coin
Construct synonymous definitions for the following terms:a. Intersectionb. Fabricc. Nucleusd. Abodee. Wedlockf. Cellarg. Summith. Apparel
Construct operational definitions for the following words:a. Geniusb. Ferromagneticc. Fluorescentd. Alkalinee. Polarized (light)
Construct definitions by genus and difference for the following terms. In each definition identify the genus term.a. Drakeb. Biologistc. Felonyd. Widowe. Library
Consult a dictionary to find the etymological roots of the following words, and then explain how they relate to the conventional meaning of these words.a. Morphologyb. Isomorphicc. Isotropicd. Phototropice. Photographyf. Lithographyg. Lithologyh. Psychology
Answer "true" or "false" to the following statements: 1. The technique of extensional definition may be used to produce précising definitions. 2. The technique of extensional definition may be used to produce stipulative and lexical definitions. 3. Most extensional definitions convey the
Criticize the following definitions in light of the eight rules for lexical definitions:1. A sculpture is a three-dimensional image made of marble.2. “Elusory” means elusive.3. “Birdie” means sinking the ball in one stroke under par.4. A cynic is a person who knows the price of
1. Why don't animal lovers do something about these dog sled races? Have you ever witnessed a race on television? Talk about torture. It's sickening to watch the dogs, panting and their tongues hanging out, pull a heavily laden sled with a driver through snow and ice in bitter cold.2. How anyone
Liberalism has turned our welfare system from a social safety net into a hammock. We hand out money with few questions asked. When welfare recipients are asked for some contribution to our society in return, liberals scream that it's unconstitutional. Liberalism has transformed our criminal justice
The creationists have no right to impose their mistaken, ignorant, superstitious beliefs on others. They claim the constitutional right to the free exercise of religion. How about the rights of the majority of people who want their children taught the scientific truth about evolution-not fallacious
God, guts, and guns made this great country of ours free, and you can bet your buns it will take more of the same to keep it that way. One of the very last things in this world we need is handgun control. The above selection were taken from the letters-to-the-editor section of a newspaper. Each can
The insanity plea should be done away with; criminals should lose this easy way out. Killers can theoretically spend as little as six months in a mental hospital, then be released. It's time to take a stand for safety and put psychotic killers in prison. The following selections were taken from the
Until now, the protest against the holocaust in our own nation has been vocal but far too small. The massacre of an unwanted generation through abortion and infanticide has sounded an alarm that should wake up every Christian. Helpless and guiltless little infants are mercilessly butchered daily in
It's time to challenge all this nonsense about the "celebration of diversity" in our society. The more the schizophrenics preach the glories of diversity, the more we pull apart. This is not to deny appreciation of the ethnic roots, rituals, and foods, which add color to life. But to lay undue
A kind and loving God surely favors the pro-choice attitude. He wants his world inhabited by happy, well-fed children with parents who love and care for them. Our burgeoning population in Third World nations with constant famine and disease, and many other human miseries, could be relieved if the
Thousands of years of organized religion have done nothing to solve any problems and have almost always exacerbated them by promoting fear, superstition, and irrational mythologies. Kneeling in prayer to some supernatural entity seeking "divine guidance" or, even more implausibly, "divine
1. FRANK: Look at that huge tree that fell last night. It must have made a tremendous crash when it came down.SHIRLEY: No, I'm afraid you're quite wrong. Sound is a perception, and perceptions depend on a perceiver. Therefore, since nobody was around here last night, there was no crash.2. VICKIE:
Determine which of the following words or groups of words are terms and Which are nonterms. Extortion..............................Thomas Jefferson Laborious..............................Empire State
Name some of the attributes connoted by the following terms. Express your answer with adjectives or adjectival phrases. Example: The term "elephant" connotes the attributes of being large, having tusks, having a trunk.The above exercise deal with words and terms.
In the following, name three items denoted by the terms in the left-hand column and all items denoted by the terms in the right-hand column: Newspaper.......................Tallest mountain on earth Scientist..........................Prime number less than
Put the following sequences of terms in the order of increasing intension:a. conifer, Sitka spruce, tree, spruce, plantb. Italian sports car, car, vehicle, Maserati, sports carc. doctor of medicine, person, brain surgeon, professional person, surgeond. wallaby, marsupial, mammal, animal, kangarooe.
Answer "true" or "false" to the following statements:1. All words have an intensional meaning and an extensional meaning.2. The intensional meaning of a term consists of the attributes connoted by the term.3. The extensional meaning of a term consists of the members of the class denoted by the
1. “Blind” means, for federal income-tax purposes, either the inability to see better than 20/200 in the better eye with glasses or having a field of vision of 20 degrees or less.2. “Football” means a sport in which modern-day gladiators brutalize one another while trying to move a
The following exercises involve constructing definitions:1. Construct lexical definitions for "capital" and "depression," and indicate two different meanings for each.2. Construct theoretical definitions for "energy" and "atom."3. Construct opposing pairs of persuasive definitions for
Answer "true" or "false" to the following statements: 1. From the standpoint of logic, many definitions are concerned not with words but with things. 2. The definiendum is the word or term that is supposed to be defined. 3. The definiens is the word or group of words that assigns a meaning to the
1. If Rasputin was really mad, then he deceived Czar Nicholas II. Rasputin was not really mad. Therefore, he did not deceive Czar Nicholas II.2. Everything that runs has feet. The Columbia River runs very swiftly. Therefore, the Columbia River has feet.3. All people who believe we create our own
Identify the fallacies committed in the following dialogue. You should be able to find at least one case of each fallacy presented in this section and one case of a fallacy presented in the previous section. Gun Love Holly and her friend Ben have just attended a panel discussion in response to a
1. Either we require forced sterilization of Third World peoples or the world population will explode and all of us will die. We certainly don't want to die, so we must require forced sterilization.2. Every sentence in this paragraph is well written. Therefore, the paragraph is well written.3. An
Answer "true" or "false" to the following statements: 1. Arguments that commit the fallacy of begging the question are normally valid. 2. The effect of begging the question is to hide the fact that a premise may not be true. 3. The correct way of responding to a complex question is to divide the
1. In his History of the American Civil War, Jeffry Noland argues that the war had little to do with slavery. However, as a historian from Alabama, Noland could not possibly present an accurate account. Therefore, his arguments should be discounted.2. Mr. Wilson said that on July 4 he went out on
1. Pauline said that after she had removed her new mink coat from the shipping carton she threw it into the trash. We conclude that Pauline has no appreciation for fine furs.2. We know that induction will provide dependable results in the future becauseit has always worked in the past. Whatever has
Identify the fallacies committed in the following dialogue. You should be able to find at least one case of each fallacy presented in this section and a few of the fallacies presented in the two previous sections.Personal Paper MillCarly catches sight of Brad as the two head for their class in
1. Exporting cigarettes [to Asia] is good business for America; there is no reason we should be prohibited from doing so. Asians have been smoking for decades; we are only offering variety in their habit. If the Asians made tobacco smoking illegal, that would be a different situation. But as long
1. The death penalty is the punishment for murder. Just as we have long jail terms for armed robbery, assault and battery, fraud, contempt of court, fines for speeding, reckless driving and other numerous traffic violations, so must we have a punishment for murder. Yes, the death penalty will not
1. I say "bravo" and "right on!" Now we have some real-life humane heroes to look up to! These brave people [a group of animal liberators] went up against the insensitive bureaucratic technology, and won, saving former pet animals from senseless torture.If researchers want to experiment, let them
1. Why are people so shocked that Susan Smith apparently chose to kill her children because they had become an inconvenience? Doesn't this occur every day in abortion clinics across the country? We suspect Smith heard very clearly the message many feminists have been trying to deliver about the
1. The position open in the accounting department should be given to Frank Thompson. Frank has six hungry children to feed, and his wife desperately needs an operation to save her eyesight.2. Erica Evans, who takes orders at the local Taco Bell, argues persuasively in favor of increasing the
Answer "true" or "false" to the following statements: 1. In the appeal to force, the arguer physically attacks the listener. 2. In the direct variety of the appeal to the people, the arguer attempts to create a kind of mob mentality. 3. If an arguer attempts to discredit courtroom testimony or a
Identify the fallacies committed in the following dialogue. You should be able to find at least one case of each fallacy presented in this section. Food for Thought "Let's hit the produce section first," Curtis says to his fiancée Talia, as they enter Payless grocery store. "Okay," she
1. The Daily News carried an article this morning about three local teenagers who were arrested on charges of drug possession. Teenagers these days are nothing but a bunch of junkies.2. If a car breaks down on the freeway, a passing mechanic is not obligated to render emergency road service. For
Answer "true" or "false" to the following statements: 1. If an arguer cites a statement by a recognized expert in support of a conclusion and the statement falls within the expert's range of expertise, then the arguer commits an appeal to unqualified authority. 2. If an arguer cites a statement in
1. I bumped into my friend Andy the other day, and the first thing his German shepherd did was rush up to me and sniff that spot about ten inches beneath my navel. When I visited Lucy at her home, her Irish setter made a beeline for . . . yep, the same spot. Dogs are all alike. The only thing they
1. Some executivepay packages are insults to ordinary workers.2. No stressful jobs are occupations conducive to a healthy lifestyle.3. All oilbased paints are products that contribute to photochemical smog.4. Some preachers who are intolerant of others’ beliefs are not television evangelists.5.
Use Venn diagrams to evaluate the immediate inferences in Part II of this exercise. Identify any that commit the existential fallacy.In part1. No sculptures by Rodin are boring creations. Therefore, all sculptures by Rodin are boring creations.2. It is false that some lunar craters are volcanic
This section of Chapter 4 identified four forms of the existential fallacy. Use Venn diagrams to identify the other four. In doing so, keep in mind that all forms of this fallacy have a universal premise and a particular conclusion, that "It is false that some A are B" and "It is false that some A
Exercises 1 through 6 provide a statement, its truth value in parentheses, and an operation to be performed on that statement. Supply the new statement and the truth value of the new statement.Exercises 7 through 12 provide a statement, its truth value in parentheses, and a new statement. Determine
Convert the following propositions and state whether the converse is logically equivalent or not logically equivalent to the given proposition.a. All hurricanes are storms intensified by global warming.b. No cosmetic surgeries are completely successful procedures.c. Some murals by Diego Rivera are
Obvert the following propositions and state whether the obverse is logically equivalent or not logically equivalent to the given proposition.a. All radically egalitarian societies are societies that do not preserve individual liberties.b. No cult leaders are people who fail to brainwash their
Contrapose the following propositions and state whether the contrapositive is logically equivalent or not logically equivalent to the given proposition.a. All physicians whose licenses have been revoked are physicians ineligible to practice.b. No unpersecuted migrants are migrants granted asylum.c.
1. All commodity traders are gamblers who risk sudden disaster. Therefore, all gamblers who risk sudden disaster are commodity traders.2. No child abusers are people who belong in daycare centers. Therefore, all child abusers are people who do not belong in daycare centers.3. Some states having
1. If "All fashion fads are products of commercial brainwashing" is true, what is the truth value of the following statements?a. No fashion fads are products of commercial brainwashing.b. Some fashion fads are products of commercial brainwashing.c. Some fashion fads are not products of commercial
1. All advocates of school prayer are individuals who insist on imposing their views on others. Therefore, some advocates of school prayer are individuals who insist on imposing their views on others.2. It is false that no jailhouse informants are people who can be trusted. Therefore, some
1. All dolphins are polar bears. Therefore, it is false that no dolphins are polar bears.2. It is false that some recessions are not periods of economic decline. Therefore, it is false that no recessions are periods of economic decline.3. It is false that some suicide survivors are comeback kids.
Exercises 1 through 10 provide a statement, its truth value in parentheses, and an operation to be performed on that statement. Supply the new statement and the truth value of the new statement. Exercises 11 through 20 provide a statement, its truth value in parentheses, and a new statement.
1. It is false that some jogging events are not aerobic activities. Therefore, it is false that no jogging events are aerobic activities.2. No meat-eating vegetarians are individuals with a high-protein diet. Therefore, no individuals with a high-protein diet are meat-eating vegetarians.3. Some
1. All insurance policies are cryptically written documents. Therefore, some cryptically written documents are insurance policies.2. No gemstones that do not contain chromium are emeralds. Therefore, some stones that are not emeralds are not gemstones that contain chromium.3. It is false that some
Some A are not B. Therefore, no A are B. Use the modified Venn diagram technique to determine if the following immediate inference forms are valid from the Boolean standpoint, conditionally valid from the Aristotelian standpoint, or invalid.
No A are B. Therefore, some A are not B. Use the modified Venn diagram technique to determine if the following immediate inference forms are valid from the Boolean standpoint, conditionally valid from the Aristotelian standpoint, or invalid.
It is false that some A are B. Therefore, it is false that all A are B. Use the modified Venn diagram technique to determine if the following immediate inference forms are valid from the Boolean standpoint, conditionally valid from the Aristotelian standpoint, or invalid.
It is false that no A are B. Therefore, some A are B. Use the modified Venn diagram technique to determine if the following immediate inference forms are valid from the Boolean standpoint, conditionally valid from the Aristotelian standpoint, or invalid.
All A are B. Therefore, it is false that no A are B. Use the modified Venn diagram technique to determine if the following immediate inference forms are valid from the Boolean standpoint, conditionally valid from the Aristotelian standpoint, or invalid.
Some A are B. Therefore, it is false that some A are not B. Use the modified Venn diagram technique to determine if the following immediate inference forms are valid from the Boolean standpoint, conditionally valid from the Aristotelian standpoint, or invalid.
Some A are not B. Therefore, it is false that all A are B. Use the modified Venn diagram technique to determine if the following immediate inference forms are valid from the Boolean standpoint, conditionally valid from the Aristotelian standpoint, or invalid.
It is false that some A are B. Therefore, no A are B. Use the modified Venn diagram technique to determine if the following immediate inference forms are valid from the Boolean standpoint, conditionally valid from the Aristotelian standpoint, or invalid.
It is false that some A are not B. Therefore, some A are B. Use the modified Venn diagram technique to determine if the following immediate inference forms are valid from the Boolean standpoint, conditionally valid from the Aristotelian standpoint, or invalid.
It is false that all A are B. Therefore, no A are B. Use the modified Venn diagram technique to determine if the following immediate inference forms are valid from the Boolean standpoint, conditionally valid from the Aristotelian standpoint, or invalid.
No summer romances are banal pastimes. Therefore, it is false that some summer romances are banal pastimes. Use the modified Venn diagram technique to determine if the following immediate inferences are valid from the Boolean standpoint, valid from the Aristotelian standpoint, or invalid. Identify
It is false that some thunderstorms are quiescent phenomena. Therefore, all thunderstorms are quiescent phenomena. Use the modified Venn diagram technique to determine if the following immediate inferences are valid from the Boolean standpoint, valid from the Aristotelian standpoint, or invalid.
No flower gardens are creations that feature skunkweed. Therefore, it is false that all flower gardens are creations that feature skunkweed. Use the modified Venn diagram technique to determine if the following immediate inferences are valid from the Boolean standpoint, valid from the Aristotelian
It is false that no incendiary devices are contraptions that misfire. Therefore, some incendiary devices are not contraptions that misfire. Use the modified Venn diagram technique to determine if the following immediate inferences are valid from the Boolean standpoint, valid from the Aristotelian
It is false that some pet lovers are people who think that animals are mere machines. Therefore, it is false that all pet lovers are people who think that animals are mere machines Use the modified Venn diagram technique to determine if the following immediate inferences are valid from the Boolean
No werewolves are creatures who lurk about in the daytime. Therefore, it is false that all werewolves are creatures who lurk about in the daytime. Use the modified Venn diagram technique to determine if the following immediate inferences are valid from the Boolean standpoint, valid from the
Some soccer games are not thrilling events to watch. Therefore, no soccer games are thrilling events to watch. Use the modified Venn diagram technique to determine if the following immediate inferences are valid from the Boolean standpoint, valid from the Aristotelian standpoint, or invalid.
It is false that some people who hunger for wealth are not victims of their obsession. Therefore, some people who hunger for wealth are victims of their obsession. Use the modified Venn diagram technique to determine if the following immediate inferences are valid from the Boolean standpoint, valid
No lamps containing genies are ordinary sources of light. Therefore, some lamps containing genies are not ordinary sources of light. Use the modified Venn diagram technique to determine if the following immediate inferences are valid from the Boolean standpoint, valid from the Aristotelian
It is false that some duck hunters are animal-rights activists. Therefore, some duck hunters are not animal-rights activists. Use the modified Venn diagram technique to determine if the following immediate inferences are valid from the Boolean standpoint, valid from the Aristotelian standpoint, or
All repressive political regimes are insults to human dignity. Therefore, no repressive political regimes are insults to human dignity. Use the modified Venn diagram technique to determine if the following immediate inferences are valid from the Boolean standpoint, valid from the Aristotelian
It is false that all skating rinks are playgrounds for amateurs. Therefore, some skating rinks are not playgrounds for amateurs. Use the modified Venn diagram technique to determine if the following immediate inferences are valid from the Boolean standpoint, valid from the Aristotelian standpoint,
All pixies who slide down moonbeams are fun-loving daredevils. Therefore, it is false that no pixies who slide down moonbeams are fun-loving daredevils. Use the modified Venn diagram technique to determine if the following immediate inferences are valid from the Boolean standpoint, valid from the
It is false that some graduate teaching assistants are not underpaid laborers. Therefore, it is false that no graduate teaching assistants are underpaid laborers. Use the modified Venn diagram technique to determine if the following immediate inferences are valid from the Boolean standpoint, valid
Some housing projects are developments riddled with crime. Therefore, it is false that no housing projects are developments riddled with crime. Use the modified Venn diagram technique to determine if the following immediate inferences are valid from the Boolean standpoint, valid from the
1. Any bank that makes too many risky loans will fail.2. Temporary workers are not eligible for fringe benefits.3. Terrorist attacks succeed whenever security measures are lax.4. Bromine is extractable from seawater.5. Not all guilt feelings are psychological aberrations.6. Every jazz fan admires
1. A few organic silicones are used as lubricants. 2. Only nuclearpowered vehicles are suitable for deepspace exploration. 3. Comets are the only heavenly bodies with tails. 4. There is a giant star in the Tarantula Nebula. 5. If an activity emits methane, then it contributes to climate change. 6.
1. If an ore isn't radioactive, then it isn't pitchblende.2. All but the rats left the sinking ship.3. A pesticide is dangerous if it contains DDT.4. John Grisham writes only novels about lawyers.5. He who hesitates is lost.6. Modern corporations are all run in the interest of their managers.7.
1. Cynthia travels where she wants. 2. Bats are the only true flying mammals. 3. Not every river runs to the sea. 4. Physicists do not understand the operation of superconductors. 5. Many apartment dwellers are victimized by noise. 6. There are forced labor camps in China. 7. Whatever increases
1. Some of the figure-skating finalists are performers who are athletes that may win medals.2. All cars identical to BMWs are the only cars that young lawyers drive.3. All vertebrates except cartilaginous fishes are animals with a bony skeleton.4. No downhill skiers are effective competitors if
1. Flu vaccines are never completely effective.Therefore, not every flu vaccine is completely effective.2. Only diamonds are a girl's best friend.Therefore, every diamond is a girl's best friend.3. A child destined to succeed in life has high self-esteem.Therefore, a child with low self-esteem is

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