Should parents try to promote children's self-esteem by telling them they're "smart" or "wonderful"? Are children harmed if they do not feel good about everything they do? Explain.

Why do you suppose that forensic DNA analysis relies principally on short tandem repeats (repeat polymorphisms), rather than single- nucleotide polymorphisms, such as that described on page 669 and...

Draw the following monosaccharides as Haworth projections: (a) anomer of D-ribose (b) anomer of D-glucose (c) anomer of D-fructose (d) methyl--D-galactose. Which of these compounds contains a...

Explain the significance of the observation that peptides such as fMet-Leu-Phe "activate" the phagocytotic (particle-engulfing) functions of mammalian leukocytes (white blood cells).

A family pedigree is shown here. A. What is the inbreeding coefficient for individual IV-3? B. Based on the data shown in this pedigree, is individual IV-4 inbred? 1-1 1-2 1-3 11-1 I1-2 I1-3 1-4 115...

You will need to be familiar with the techniques described in Chapter 20 to answer this question. Gene polymorphisms can be detected using a variety of cellular and molecular techniques. Which...

You will need to understand solved problem S4 before answering this question. A muscle - specific gene was cloned and then subjected to promoter bashin. As shown here, six regions, labeled A - F,...

Which of the following is not a type of fibrous connective tissue? a. Hyaline cartilage b. Areolar tissue c. Tendons and ligaments d. Adipose tissue

Which one of these does not pertain to B cells? a. Have passed through the thymus. b. Have specific receptors. c. Are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity. d. Synthesize and liberate antibodies.

Name the bones of the pelvic girdle and lower limb?

Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system? a. Production of blood cells b. Storage of minerals c. Involved in movement d. Storage of fat e. Production of body heat

The genotype of an individual with the dominant phenotype can be determined best by reproduction with a. The recessive genotype or phenotype. b. A hetero zygote. c. The dominant phenotype. d. The...

The epidermis (epithelium of the cutaneous membrane or skin) is a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Explain why that epithelium is much better suited for protecting the body's external...

During an anatomy and physiology lab exercise designed to teach the use of the ophthalmoscope, you notice that your lab partner has difficulty seeing objects in the darkened room. Upon examining her...

The placenta is a marvelous, but temporary, organ. Starting with a description of its formation, show how it is an intimate part of both fetal and maternal anatomy and physiology during the gestation...

Create a short paragraph to differentiate among the following terms: pure culture, subculture, mixed culture, contaminated culture, and stock culture.

Dr. John Snow is famous for bringing a cholera epidemic to an end in London by identifying the source of infection as a contaminated water pump used by many in the city. a. Based upon this...

Explain why individuals suffering from pertussis often develop secondary infections during the convalescent phase of the disease, and discuss aspects of todays protective vaccine against B. pertussis.

1. From chapter 2, figure. Study this illustration of a cell membrane. In what ways could alcohol damage this membrane? How would that harm the cell? 2. From chapter 4, figure. Why would many...

A child is brought to the emergency room in a semiconscious state with a high fever. Earlier, he had complained of a stiff neck and headache. A tap of spinal fluid is performed and tested. A Gram...

Explain the reasons for an increase in numbers of pertussis cases.

What is the function of the VPg protein of poliovirus, and how can coronaviruses replicate without a VPg protein?

Rabies virus and poliovirus both have single-stranded RNA genomes, but only in poliovirus can the genome be translated directly. Explain.

Describe how the genome of bacteriophage X174 is transcribed and translated.

Why can it be said that transcription of the bacteriophage T7 genome requires two enzymes?

Why is bacteriophage Mu mutagenic? What features are necessary for Mu to insert into DNA?

What are heteroduplex regions of DNA and what process leads to their formation?

How does the insertional inactivation of -galactosidase allow the presence of foreign DNA in a plasmid vector such as pUC19 to be detected?

What is the Ti plasmid and how has it been of use in genetic engineering?

Describe the basic principles of gene amplification using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). How have thermophilic and hyperthermophilic prokaryotes simplified the use of PCR?

What is the difference between a gene tree and an organismal tree?

What is the species problem and why is the concept of microbial species difficult to resolve?

Why was the evolution of cyanobacteria of such importance to the further evolution of life on Earth? What component of the geological record is used to date the evolution of cyanobacteria?

What are the major fermentation products of the following bacteria: Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Propionibacterium, Escherichia?

Why is NO3- a better electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration than is SO42-?

Why is the enzyme hydrogenase useful to Desulfovibrio even when it is not grown on H2 as electron donor?

What accessory pigments are present in phototrophs, and what are their functions?

In what ways are sulfur-reducing bacteria different from sulfate-reducing bacteria and in what ways are they similar?

What are some ways that diazotrophs protect nitrogenase from O2?

Compare and contrast the nitrogen metabolism of nitrifiers with that of denitrifiers.

In what ways are the dissimilative iron-reducing bacteria Shewanella and Geobacter similar and in what ways are they different?

Which group of dissimilative iron-oxidizers is the least diverse and in what way is this related to oxygen and pH?

Compare and contrast the metabolism, morphology, and phylogeny of purple sulfur and purple nonsulfur bacteria.

With respect to sulfate-reducing bacteria, what is the difference between complete and incomplete oxidizers?

What is unusual about the metabolism of S0 by Acidianus?

Contrast the roles of bacteriorhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and sensory rhodopsin in Halobacterium salinarum.

What is physiologically unique about Methanopyrus compared with another methanogen such as Methanobacterium? What is physiologically unique about Archaeoglobus?

How is Nanoarchaeum similar to other Archaea? How does it differ?

What forms of energy metabolism are present in Crenarchaeota? What form is absent?

Design a SIP experiment that would allow you to determine which organisms in a lake water sample were capable of oxidizing the hydrocarbon hexane (C6H14). Assume that four different species could do...

In what forms does potential energy enter a microbial ecosystem? Which energy classes of microorganisms can exploit each?

Why are most iron-oxidizing chemolithotrophs obligate aerobes and why are the better-studied iron oxidizers acidophilic?

In what ways are Ca and Si cycling in ocean waters similar, and in what ways do they differ? How do the calcium and silica cycles couple to the carbon cycle?

How are Hg2+ and CH3Hg+ detoxified by the mer system?

Which Bacteria and Archaea play a major role in acid mine drainage? Why do they carry out the reactions that they do? Why is air necessary for this process?

Describe a strategy for bio remediating a site that contains buried nuclear weapons that are leaking uranium. What could thwart your bioremediation efforts?

What physical and chemical conditions are necessary for the rapid microbial degradation of oil in aquatic environments? Design an experiment that would allow you to test which conditions optimized...

Why is advanced wastewater treatment desirable from an environmental point of view?

Identify (stepwise) the process of purifying drinking water. What important contaminants are targeted by each step in the process?

Acid mine drainage is in part a chemical process and in part a biological process. Discuss the chemistry and microbiology that lead up to acid mine drainage and point out the key reactions that are...

How does the body plan of corals influence their ability to symbiotically associate with Symbiodinium?

Describe the general mechanism used by superantigens to activate T cells. How does superantigen activation differ from T cell activation by conventional antigens?

Polymorphism implies that each different MHC protein binds a different peptide motif. For the MHC class I polymorphisms, how many different MHC proteins are expressed in an individual? By the entire...

H5N1 avian influenza has high potential for causing an influenza pandemic under certain circumstances. Discuss conditions in which avian influenza may spread in humans as an epidemic. If such a human...

Draw the structure of a phosphoacylglycerol that contains glycerol, oleic acid, stearic acid, and choline.

What are the two principal opposing views regarding the patenting of genes?

What ensures fidelity in protein synthesis? How does this compare with the fidelity of replication and transcription?

What would be an advantage of using HaeIII for a cloning experiment? What would be a disadvantage?

Using information from Table 15.1, calculate the value of DG' for the following reaction. Glucose- + -phosphate Glucose-6-phosphate

A student argued that no distinction should be made between commensalism and parasitism. Even in commensalism, the micro-organisms are gaining some benefit (such as nutrients) from the host, and this...

A microbiologist argued that there is no such thing as "normal" microbiota in the human body, since the population is dynamic and is constantly changing, depending on diet and external environment....

How are marginal cost of pollution, marginal cost of pollution abatement, and optimum amount of pollution related?

In this graph shown below, is the amount of pollution indicated by the vertical dashed line more or less than the economically optimum amount of pollution? Explain your answer.

Discuss some of the possible causes of forest decline. How might these factors interact to speed the rate of decline?

What role, if any, do aquifer depletion, overdrawing of surface waters, and salinization of irrigated soil play in the water problems associated with the Ogallala Aquifer and the Colorado River...

How do weathering processes affect soil formation?

What is the difference between surface and subsurface mining? Open-pit and strip mines? Shaft and slope mines? When is each most likely to be used?

Which material do you think has the greatest potential for recycling? Why? How many tons of it were recycled in 2010?

Explain the difference between a dependent and an independent variable.

Gilbert's genetic makeup is homozygous for dark hair. Jan's is homozygous for blond hair. What color is Gilbert's hair? How about Jan's? What proportion of their children arelikely to be dark-haired?...

Rhonda and Mark, a career-oriented couple in their early thirties, are thinking about having a baby. What factors should they keep in mind as they decide whether to add to their family at this time...

After a difficult delivery, Jackie observes her 2-day-old daughter, Kelly, being given the NBAS. Kelly scores poorly on many items. Seeing this, Jackie wonders if Kelly will develop normally. How...

Derek, father of a 3-year-old and a newborn, reported that he had a harder time adjusting to the birth of his second child than to that of his first. Explain why this might be so.

Sharon, a heavy smoker, has just arrived at the hospital in labor. Which one of the medical interventions discussed in the preceding sections is her doctor justified in using? (For help in answering...

Explain how Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories complement each other. How would classroom practices inspired by these theories be similar? How would they differ?

In addition to gender-stereotyped beliefs, what other aspects of young children's social understanding tend to be rigid and one-sided in early childhood?

List findings indicating that language and communication-between parents and children, between teachers and children, and between peers-powerfully affect children's gender typing. What...

How does each level in Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory-microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem-contribute to effects of parents' employment on children's development?

Claire told her 6-year-old daughter to be very careful never to talk to or take candy from strangers. Why is Claire's warning unlikely to protect her daughter from sexual abuse?

Wheeler and Mathews (J. Biol. Chem . 287:31218-31222 (2012)) reported the NAD+ and NADH concentrations in yeast mitochondria as 20 mm and 0.3 mM, respectively. Consider the malate dehydrogenase...

Suppose you had separated the A and B chains of insulin by disulfide reduction. What chromatographic method should make it possible to isolate pure A and B chains? Explain your choice of separation...

Methanol is highly toxic, not because of its own biological activity but because it is converted metabolically to formaldehyde, through action of alcohol dehydrogenase. Part of the medical treatment...

(a) Consider the following hypothetical metabolic pathway: Under intracellular conditions, the activity of enzyme X is 100 pmol/106 cells/s. Calculate the eect on metabolic ux rate (pmol/106 cells/s)...

Calculate the number of ATPs generated from the metabolic oxidation of the four carbons of acetoacetyl-CoA to CO2. Now consider the homolog derived from oxidation of an odd-numbered carbon chain,...

Describe two features of insulin signaling that aect glucose utilization. A b -adrenergic response can be modulated through the actions of a receptor kinase and arrestin, because phosphorylation by...

What do studies on attenuation tell us about mechanisms of transcription termination in bacteria?

Based on your reading in this chapter, suggest simple criteria for a reasonable definition of life.

Study the functional groups of the amino acids in Table 4-1 and devise a Venn diagram showing amino acids in the following categories: nonpolar, polar, negatively charged, positively charged,...

Draw the dipeptide Asp-His at pH 7.0.

Draw a cis peptide bond and identify the groups that experience steric interference.