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physics
electricity and magnetism

Questions and Answers of Electricity and Magnetism

Just after an alpha particle leaves the nucleus, would you expect it to speed up? Defend your answer.
Why would you expect alpha particles, with their greater charge, to be less able to penetrate into materials than beta particles of the same energy?
Two protons in an atomic nucleus repel each other, but they are also attracted to each other. Explain.
What evidence supports the contention that the strong nuclear interaction can dominate over the electrical interaction at short distances within the nucleus?
Exactly what is a positively charged hydrogen atom?
If you make an account of 1000 people born in the year 2000 and find that half of them are still living in 2060, does this mean that one-quarter of them will be alive in 2120 and one-eighth of them
Radiation from a point source obeys the inverse-square law. If a Geiger counter 1 m from a small sample registers 360 counts per minute, what will be its counting rate 2 m from the source? What will
Why do the charged particles flying through bubble chambers travel in spiral paths rather than in the circular or helical paths they might ideally follow?
When a 22688Ra nucleus decays by emitting an alpha particle, what is the atomic number of the resulting nucleus? What is the resulting atomic mass?
State the number of neutrons and protons in each of the following nuclei:and
How is it possible for an element to decay "forward in the periodic table"-that is, to decay to an element of higher atomic number?
When radioactive phosphorus (P) decays, it emits a positron. Will the resulting nucleus be another isotope of phosphorus? If not, what will it be?
"Strontium-90 is a pure beta source." How could a physicist test this statement?
A friend suggests that nuclei are composed of equal numbers of protons and electrons, and not neutrons. What evidence can you cite to show that your friend is mistaken?
Elements above uranium in the periodic table do not exist in any appreciable amounts in nature because they have short half-lives. Yet there are several elements below uranium in atomic number with
Why is a sample of radioactive material always a little warmer than its surroundings?
Your friend says that the helium used to inflate balloons is a product of radioactive decay. Another friend disagrees. With whom do you agree?
Another friend, fretful about living near a fission power plant, wishes to get away from radiation by traveling to the high mountains and sleeping at night on granite outcroppings. Comment on this.
Still another friend has journeyed to the mountain foothills to escape the effects of radioactivity altogether. While bathing in the warmth of a natural hot spring, she wonders aloud how the spring
Although coal contains only minute quantities of radioactive materials, there is more radiation emitted by a coal-fired power plant than a fission power plant simply because ol the vast amount of
A friend produces a Geiger counter to check the local normal background radiation. It clicks randomly but repeatedly. Another friend, whose tendency is to fear most that which is least understood,
Is carbon dating appropriate for measuring the age of materials that are a few years old? A few thousand years old? A few million years old?
Some people say that all things are possible. Is it at all possible for a common hydrogen nucleus to emit an alpha particle? Defend your answer.
Why are alpha and beta rays deflected in opposite directions in a magnetic field? Why are gamma rays not deflected?
The alpha particle has twice the electric charge of the beta particle but, for the same kinetic energy, deflects less than the beta in a magnetic field. Why is this so?
How do the paths of alpha, beta, and gamma rays compare in an electric field?
Which type of radiation-alpha, beta, or gamma-produces the greatest change in mass number when emitted by an atomic nucleus? Which produces the greatest change in atomic number?
A sample of a particular radioisotope is placed near a Geiger counter, which is observed to register 160 counts per minute. Eight hours later, the detector counts at a rate of 10 counts per minute.
At 6:00 AM a hospital uses its cyclotron to make 1 milligram of the isotope fluorine-18 for use as a diagnostic tool with its PET scanner. The half-life of F-l 8 is 1.8 hours. How much F-l8 is left
Suppose that you measure the intensity of radiation from carbon-14 in an ancient piece of wood to be 6% of what it would be in a freshly cut piece of wood. Show that the age of this artifact is
Uranium and thorium occur abundantly in various ore deposits. However, plutonium could occur only in exceedingly tiny amounts in such deposits. What is your explanation?
If a nucleus of 23290Th absorbs a neutron and the resulting nucleus undergoes two successive beta decays (emitting electrons), what nucleus results?
The water that passes through the reactor core of a water-moderated fission reactor does not pass into the turbine. Instead, heat is transferred to a separate water cycle that is entirely outside the
Why is carbon better than lead as a moderator in nuclear reactors?
Is the mass of an atomic nucleus greater or less than the sum of the masses of the nucleons composing it? Why don't the nucleon masses add up to the total nuclear mass?
In what way are fission and fusion reactions similar? What are the main differences in these reactions?
How is chemical burning similar to nuclear fusion?
Why doesn't uranium ore spontaneously undergo a chain reaction?
To predict the approximate energy release of either a fission reaction or a fusion reaction, explain how a physicist makes use of the curve in Figure 34.16 or a table of nuclear masses and the
Light nuclei can be split. For example, a deuteron, which is a proton-neutron combination, can split into a separate proton and separate neutron. Does such a process yield energy or cost energy?
Which process would release energy from gold, fission or fusion? Which would release energy from carbon? From iron?
If uranium were to split into three segments of equal size instead of two, would more energy or less energy be released? Defend your answer in terms of Figure 34.16.
Suppose the curve in Figure 34.16 for mass per nucleon versus atomic number had the shape of the curve in Figure 34.15. Then would nuclear fission reactions produce energy? Would nuclear fusion
Some heavy nuclei, containing even more protons than the uranium nucleus, undergo "spontaneous fission," splitting apart without absorbing a neutron. Why is spontaneous fission observed only in the
The "hydrogen magnets" in Figure 34.20 weigh more when apart than when combined. What would be the basic difference if the fictitious example instead consisted of "nuclear magnets" half as heavy as
Which produces more energy, the fissioning of a single uranium nucleus or the fusing of a pair of deuterium nuclei? The fissioning of a gram of uranium or the fusing of a gram of deuterium? (Why do
Why is there, unlike fission fuel, no limit to the amount of fusion fuel that can be safely stored in one locality?
If a fusion reaction produces no appreciable radioactive isotopes, why does a hydrogen bomb produce significant radioactive fallout?
List at least two major potential advantages of power production by fusion rather than by fission.
The world has never been the same since the discovery of electromagnetic induction and its applications to electric motors and generators. Speculate and list some of the worldwide changes that are
Why will nuclear fission probably not be used directly for powering automobiles? How could it be used indirectly to power automobiles?
Discuss, and make a comparison of, pollution by conventional fossil-fuel power plants and nuclear-fission power plants. Consider thermal pollution, chemical pollution, and radioactive pollution.
Ordinary hydrogen is sometimes called a perfect fuel, both because of its almost unlimited supply on Earth and because, when it burns, harmless water is the product of the combustion. So why don't we
Fermi's original reactor was just "barely" critical because the natural uranium that he used contained less than 1% of the fissionable isotope U-235 (half-life 713 million years). What if, in 1942,
Why will the escape of neutrons be proportionally less in a large piece of fissionable material than in a smaller piece?
Which shape is likely to need more material for a critical mass, a cube or a sphere? Explain.
Does the average distance that a neutron travels through fissionable material before escaping increase or decrease when two pieces of fissionable material are assembled into one piece? Does this
The kiloton, which is used to measure the energy released in an atomic explosion, is equal to 4.2 × 1012 J (approximately the energy released in the explosion of 1000 tons of TNT). Recalling that 1
The isotope of lithium used in a hydrogen bomb is Li-6, whose nucleus contains three protons and three neutrons. When a Li-6 nucleus absorbs a neutron, a nucleus of the heaviest hydrogen isotope,
An important fusion reaction in both hydrogen bombs and controlled-fusion reactors is the "DT reaction," in which a deuteron and a triton (nuclei of heavy hydrogen isotopes) combine to form an alpha
How many coulombs are represented by these amounts of electrons: (a) 6.482×1017 (b) 1.24 ×1018 (c) 2.46 ×1019 (d) 1.628 ×1020
If the current flowing through an element is given byPlot the charge stored in the element over 0
The charge entering the positive terminal of an element is q = 10 sin 4 (t mC While the voltage across the element (plus to minus) is v = 2cos 4 (t V (a) Find the power delivered to the element at t
The voltage v across a device and the current I through it are v(t) = 5 cos 2t V, i(t) (1 - e-0.5t)A Calculate: (a) The total charge in the device at t = 1 s (b) The power consumed by the device at t
The current entering the positive terminal of a device is i(t) = 3e-2t A and the voltage across the device is v(t) = 5 di / dt V. (a) Find the charge delivered to the device between t = 0 and t = 2
Figure 1.27 shows the current through and the voltage across a device. (a) Sketch the power delivered to the device for t >0. (b) Find the total energy absorbed by the device for the period of
Figure 1.28 shows a circuit with five elements. IfP1 = 205 W, P2 = 60W, P4 = 45W, P5 = 30W,calculate the power p3 received or delivered by element 3.
Find the power absorbed by each of the elements in Fig. 1.29.Figure 1.29
Determine the current flowing through an element if the charge flow is given by (a) q(t) = (3t + 8) mC (b) q(t) = (8t2 + 4t-2) C (c) q(t) = (3e-t - 5e -2t) nC (d) q(t) = 10 sin 120 ( t pC (e) q(t) =
Find V0 in the circuit of Fig. 1.31.
A 60-W, incandescent bulb operates at 120 V. How many electrons and coulombs flow through the bulb in one day?
A flashlight battery has a rating of 0.8 ampere-hours (Ah) and a lifetime of 10 hours. (a) How much current can it deliver? (b) How much power can it give if its terminal voltage is 6 V? (c) How much
A constant current of 3 A for 4 hours is required to charge an automotive battery. If the terminal voltage is 10 + t/2 V, where t is in hours, (a) How much charge is transported as a result of the
A 30-W incandescent lamp is connected to a 120-V source and is left burning continuously in an otherwise dark staircase. Determine: (a) The current through the lamp, (b) The cost of operating the
An electric stove with four burners and an oven is used in preparing a meal as follows. Burner 1: 20 minutes ...............Burner 2: 40 minutes Burner 3: 15 minutes ...............Burner 4: 45
Find the charge q(t) flowing through a device if the current is: (a) i(t) = 3 A, q(0) = 1 C (b) i(t) = (2t + 5) mA, q(0) = 0 (c) i(t) = 20 cos(10t + π/6)μA, q(0) = 2μC (d) i(t) = 10e −30t sin
Reliant Energy (the electric company in Houston, Texas) charges customers as follows: Monthly charge $6 First 250 kWh @ $0.02/kWh All additional kWh @ $0.07/kWh If a customer uses 1,218 kWh in one
Figure 1.32 shows the power consumption of a certain household in one day. Calculate: (a) the total energy consumed in kWh, (b) the average power per hour.
A battery may be rated in ampere-hours (Ah). A lead-acid battery is rated at 160 Ah. (a) What is the maximum current it can supply for 40 h? (b) How many days will it last if it is discharged at 1 mA?
The charge entering a certain element is shown in Fig. 1.23. Find the current at:(a) t = 1 ms(b) t = 6 ms(c) t = 10 ms
The charge flowing in a wire is plotted in Fig. 1.24. Sketch the corresponding current.
The current through an element is shown in Fig. 1.26. Determine the total charge that passed through the element at:(a) t = 1 s(b) t = 3 s(c) t = 5 s
In the circuit in Fig. 2.67 decrease in R3 leads to a decrease of:(a) Current through R3(b) Voltage through R3(c) Voltage across R1(d) Power dissipated in R2(e) None of the above?
0In the circuit in Fig. 2.76, obtain v1, v2, and v3?
For the circuit in Fig. 2.77, use KCL to find the branch currents I1 to I4?
Given the circuit in Fig. 2.78, use KVL to find the branch voltages V1 to V4.
Determine Vo in the circuit in Fig. 2.80.Figure 2.80 For Prob. 2.16.
Obtain v1 through v3 in the circuit in Fig. 2.78?
Find I and Vab in the circuit of Fig. 2.79?
From the circuit in Fig. 2.80, find I, the power dissipated by the resistor, and the power supplied by each source?
Find Vx in the circuit of Fig. 2.85.Figure 2.85 For Prob. 2.21.
Find Vo in the circuit in Fig. 2.85 and the power dissipated by the controlled source?
In the circuit shown in Fig. 2.87, determine vx and the power absorbed by the 12-Î© resistor?
For the circuit in Fig. 2.86, find Vo / Vs in terms of α, R1, R2, R3, and R4. If R1 = R2 = R3 = R4, what value of α will produce | Vo / Vs | = 10?
For the network in Fig. 2.88, find the current, voltage, and power associated with the 20-kΩ resistor?
For the circuit in Fig. 2.90, io = 2 A. Calculate ix and the total power dissipated by the circuit.
Find v1, v2, and v3 in the circuit in Fig. 2.91?
A bar of silicon is 4 cm long with a circular cross section. If the resistance of the bar is 240 Ω at room temperature, what is the cross-sectional radius of the bar?
Find Req for the circuit in Fig. 2.94?Figure 2.94 For Prob. 2.30
For the circuit in Fig. 2.95, determine i1 to i5.Figure 2.95 For Prob. 2.31

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