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physics
modern physics

College Physics 7th edition Jerry D. Wilson, Anthony J. Buffa, Bo Lou - Solutions

Find the source activity of 50.0-µCi a sample of 21482Pb (lead) 1.00 h after certification. Its half-life is 26.8 min.
1. Which of the following are nuclear particles?(a) Neutrons(b) Protons(c) Nucleons(d) Atoms(e) All of the above2. Einstein’s equivalence principle relates to(a) Weight and time.(b) Space and gravity.(c) Mass and energy.(d) All of the above.(e) None of the above.3. The amount of radioactive
1. Describe the importance of the neutron in atomic nuclei.2. Describe α ray in your own words.3. Describe a γ ray in your own words.4. Describe a β ray in your own words.5. What important discovery was made by Enrico Fermi?6. Explain a self-sustaining chain reaction.7. Describe nuclear
Explain the difference between the ground state and the excited states of electrons in atoms.
Describe the similarities of protons and neutrons. Describe the differences.
Describe the differences between the electric force and the strong force.
What damage can be caused to living organisms by radiation?
What medical uses does radiation have?
1. If the tip of a pencil has a mass of 2.30 g, how much energy can be produced if all the mass is converted to energy?2. If a textbook has a mass of 1.30 kg, how much energy can be released if the textbook is converted to energy?3. How much mass is needed to create 600J of energy?4. How much mass
1. A train is moving at a speed of 65.0 mi/h. The ticket collector is walking 2.00 mi/h toward the front of the train. How fast is the ticket collector moving from the point of view of a person on the train?2. How fast is the ticket collector in Problem 1 moving relative to an observer on the side
1. Convert the mass of one electron (m = 9.10 x 10–31 kg) to energy.2. Convert the mass of one proton (m = 1.67 x 10–27 kg) to energy.3. A particular task requires 9.80 J of energy. Using E = mc2 determine how much mass is needed to accomplish this task.
1. What field or fields of physics intrigued Einstein at a very young age?(a) Momentum(b) Thermodynamics(c) Electricity and magnetism(d) Sound and waves2. Which of the following did Albert Einstein not complete?(a) General Theory of Relativity(b) Special Theory of Relativity(c) Principle of the
1. What does traveling close to the speed of light do to the dimension of time?2. While you are sitting and reading this question, are you traveling through the space dimensions or the time dimension?3. Explain what E = mc2 represents.4. What are the four dimensions of our space-time universe? Why
Which has a greater Young’s modulus, a steel wire or a rubber band? Explain.
(a) Two dams form artificial lakes of equal depth. How-ever, one lake backs up 15 km behind the dam, and the other backs up 50 km behind. What effect does the difference in length have on the pressures on the dams? (b) Dams are usually thicker at the bottom. Why?
Water towers (storage tanks) are generally bulb shaped, as shown in Fig. 9.29. Wouldn€™t it be better to have a cylindrical storage tank of the same height? Explain.
A water dispenser for pets contains an inverted plastic bottle, as shown in Fig. 9.30. (The water is dyed blue for contrast.) When a certain amount of water is drunk from the bowl, more water flows automatically from the bottle into the bowl. The bowl never overflows. Explain the operation of the
(a) What is the most important factor in constructing a life jacket that will keep a person afloat? (b) Why is it so easy to float in Utah’s Great Salt Lake?
An ice cube floats in a glass of water. As the ice melts, how does the level of the water in the glass change? Would it make any difference if the ice cube were hollow? Explain.
Ocean- going ships in port are loaded to the so-called Plimsoll mark, which is a line indicating the maximum safe loading depth. However, in New Orleans, located at the mouth of the Mississippi River, where the water is brackish (partly salty and partly fresh), ships are loaded until the Plimsoll
Ocean liners weigh thousands of tons. How are they made to float?
When driving your car on an interstate at the posted speed limit (of course) and an 18- wheeler quickly passes you going in the opposite direction, you feel an force toward the truck. Why is this?
A pump spray bottle or “atomizer” operates by the Bernoulli principle. Explain how this works.
(a) If an Indy racer had a flat bottom, it would be highly unstable (like an airplane wing) due to the lift it gets when it moves at a high speed. To increase friction and stability, the bottom has a concave section called the Venturi tunnel (Fig. 9.32).(a) In terms of Bernoulli€™s
Here are two common demonstrations of Bernoulli effects:(a) If you hold a narrow strip of paper in front of your mouth and blow over the top surface, the strip will rise (Fig. 9.33a). (Try it.) Why?(b) A plastic egg is sup-ported vertically by a stream of air from a tube (Fig. 9.33b). The egg will
(a) Why is blood pressure usually measured at the arm? (b) Suppose the pressure reading were taken on the calf of the leg of a standing person. Would there be a difference, in principle? Explain.
What is the principle of drinking through a straw? (Liquids aren’t “ sucked” up.)
A tennis racket has nylon strings. If one of the strings with a diameter of 1.0 mm is under a tension of 15 N, how much is it lengthened from its original length of 40 cm?
A rectangular steel column supports a load of 12.0 metric tons. If the column is 2.00 m in length before being stressed, what is the decrease in length?
A bimetallic rod as illustrated in Fig. 9.34 is com-posed of brass and copper.(a) If the rod is subjected to a compressive force, will the rod bend toward the brass or the copper? Why? (b) Justify your answer mathematically if the compressive force is 5.00 * 104N.
Two same-size metal posts, one aluminum and one copper, are subjected to equal shear stresses. (a) Which post will show the larger deformation angle, (1) the copper post or (2) the aluminum post? Or (3) Is the angle the same for both? Why? (b) By what factor is the deformation angle of one post
A 85.0-kg person stands on one leg and of the weight is supported by the upper leg connecting the knee and hip joint—the femur. Assuming the femur is 0.650 m long and has a radius of 2.00 cm, by how much is the bone compressed?
Two metal plates are held together by two steel rivets, each of diameter 0.20 cm and length 1.0 cm. How much force must be applied parallel to the plates to shear off both rivets?
(a) Which of the liquids in Table 9.1 has the greatest compressibility? Why? (b) For equal volumes of ethyl alcohol and water, which would require more pressure to be compressed by 0.10%, and how many times more?
How much pressure would be required to compress a quantity of mercury by 0.010%?
A brass cube 6.0 cm on each side is placed in a pres-sure chamber and subjected to a pressure of 1.2 x 107 N/m2 on all of its surfaces. By how much will each side be compressed under this pressure?
A cylindrical eraser of negligible mass is dragged across a paper at a constant velocity to the right by its pencil. The coefficient of kinetic friction between eraser and paper is 0.650. The pencil pushes down with 4.20 N. The height of the eraser is 1.10 cm and its diameter is 0.760 cm. Its top
A 45-kg traffic light is suspended from two steel cables of equal length and radii 0.50 cm. If each cable makes a 15° angle with the horizontal, what is the fractional increase in their length due to the weight of the light?
Suppose you use the tip of one finger to support a 1.0-kg object. If your finger has a diameter of 2.0 cm, what is the stress on your finger?
In his original barometer, Pascal used water instead of mercury. (a) Water is less dense than mercury, so the water barometer would have (1) a higher height than, (2) a lower height than, or (3) the same height as the mercury barometer. Why? (b) How high would the water column have been?
If you dive to a depth of 10 m below the surface of a lake, (a) What is the pressure due to the water alone? (b) What is the absolute pressure at that depth?
In an open U-tube, the pressure of a water column on one side is balanced by the pressure of a column of gasoline on the other side. (a) Compared to the height of the water column, the gasoline column will have (1) a higher height, (2) a lower height, or (3) the same height. Why? (b) If the
A75.0-kg athlete performs a single-hand handstand. If the area of the hand in contact with the floor is 125 cm2, what pressure is exerted on the floor?
A rectangular fish tank measuring is filled with water to a height of 65 cm. What is the gauge pressure on the bottom of the tank?
(a) What is the absolute pressure at a depth of 10 m in a lake? (b) What is the gauge pressure?
The gauge pressure in both tires of a bicycle is 690kPa. If the bicycle and the rider have a combined mass of 90.0 kg, what is the area of contact of each tire with the ground? (Assume that each tire supports half the total weight of the bicycle.)
In a sample of seawater taken from an oil spill, an oil layer 4.0 cm thick floats on 55 cm of water. If the density of the oil is 0.75 x 103 kg/m3, what is the absolute pres-sure on the bottom of the container?
In a lecture demonstration, an empty can is used to demonstrate the force exerted by air pressure (Fig. 9.35). A small quantity of water is poured into the can, and the water is brought to a boil. Then the can is sealed with a rubber stopper. As you watch, the can is slowly crushed with sounds of
What is the fractional decrease in pressure when a barometer is raised 40.0 m to the top of a building? (Assume that the density of air is constant over that distance.)
A 2.5-m nylon fishing line used to hold up a 8.0-kg fish has a diameter of 1.6 mm. How much is the line elongated?
To drink a soda (assume same density as water) through a straw requires that you lower the pressure at the top of the straw. What does the pressure need to be at the top of a straw that is 15.0 cm above the surface of the soda in order for the soda to reach your lips?
During a plane flight, a passenger experiences ear pain due to a head cold that has clogged his Eustachian tubes. Assuming the pressure in his tubes remained at 1.00 atm (from sea level) and the cabin pressure is maintained at 0.900 atm, determine the air pressure force (including its direction) on
Here is a demonstration Pascal used to show the importance of a fluid€™s pressure on the fluid€™s depth (Fig. 9.36): An oak barrel with a lid of area 0.20 m2 is filled with water. Along, thin tube of cross-sectional area 5.0 x 10€“5 m2 is inserted into a hole at the
The door and the seals on an aircraft are subject to a tremendous amount of force during flight. At an altitude of 10 000 m (about 33 000 ft), the air pressure outside the airplane is only while the inside is still at normal atmospheric pressure, due to pressurization of the cabin. Calculate the
The pressure exerted by a person’s lungs can be measured by having the person blow as hard as possible into one side of a manometer. If a person blowing into one side of an open tube manometer produces an 80-cm difference between the heights of the columns of water in the manometer arms, what is
In a head-on auto collision, the driver, who had his air bags disconnected, hits his head on the windshield, fracturing his skull. Assuming the driver’s head has a mass of 4.0 kg, the area of the head to hit the windshield to be 25 cm2, and an impact time of 3.0 ms, with what speed does his head
A cylinder has a diameter of 15 cm (Fig. 9.37). The water level in the cylinder is maintained at a constant height of 0.45 m. If the diameter of the spout pipe is 0.50 cm, how high is h, the vertical stream of water? (Assume the water to be an ideal fluid.)
In 1960, the U. S. Navy’s bathyscaphe Trieste (a submersible) descended to a depth of 10 912 m (about 35 000 ft) into the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean. (a) What was the pressure at that depth? (Assume that seawater is incompressible.) (b) What was the force on a circular observation
The output piston of a hydraulic press has a cross-sectional area of 0.25 m2. (a) How much pressure on the input piston is required for the press to generate a force of 1.5 x 106 N? (b) What force is applied to the input piston if it has a diameter of 5.0 cm?
A hydraulic lift in a garage has two pistons: a small one of cross-sectional area 4.00 cm2 and a large one of cross-sectional area 250 cm2. (a) If this lift is designed to raise a 3500-kg car, what minimum force must be applied to the small piston? (b) If the force is applied through compressed
A 5.0-m-long rod is stretched 0.10 m by a force. What is the strain in the rod?
The Magdeburg water bridge is a channel bridge over the River Elbe in Germany (Fig. 9.38). Its dimensions are length 918 m, width 43.0 m, and depth 4.25 m.(a) When filled with water, what is the weight of the water? (b) What is the pressure on the bridge floor?
A hypodermic syringe has a plunger of area 2.5 cm2 and a 5.0 x 10-3 cm2 needle. (a) If a 1.0-N force is applied to the plunger, what is the gauge pressure in the syringe’s chamber? (b) If a small obstruction is present at the end of the needle, what force does the fluid exert on it? (c) If the
A funnel has a cork blocking its drain tube. The cork has a diameter of 1.50 cm and is held in place by static friction with the sides of the drain tube. When water is added to a height of 10.0 cm above the cork, it comes flying out of the tube. Determine the maximum force of static friction
(a) If the density of an object is exactly equal to the density of a fluid, the object will (1) float, (2) sink, (3) stay at any height in the fluid, as long as it is totally immersed. (b) A cube 8.5 cm on each side has a mass of 0.65 kg. Will the cube float or sink in water? Prove your answer.
A rectangular boat, as illustrated in Fig. 9.39, is over-loaded such that the water level is just 1.0 cm below the top of the boat. What is the combined mass of the people and the boat?
An object has a weight of 8.0 N in air. However, it apparently weighs only 4.0 N when it is completely sub-merged in water. What is the density of the object?
When a 0.80-kg crown is submerged in water, its apparent weight is measured to be 7.3 N. Is the crown pure gold?
A steel cube 0.30 m on each side is suspended from a scale and immersed in water. What will the scale read?
A solid ball has a weight of 3.0 N. When it is sub-merged in water, it has an apparent weight of 2.7 N. What is the density of the ball?
A wood cube 0.30 m on each side has a density of 700 kg/m3 and floats levelly in water. (a) What is the distance from the top of the wood to the water surface? (b) What mass has to be placed on top of the wood so that its top is just at the water level?
A 250-N force is applied at a 37o angle to the surface of the end of a square bar. The surface is 4.00 cm on a side. What are (a) The compressional stress and (b) The shear stress on the bar?
(a) Given a piece of metal with a light string attached, a scale, and a container of water in which the piece of metal can be submersed, how could you find the volume of the piece without using the variation in the water level? (b) An object has a weight of 0.882 N. It is suspended from a scale,
An aquarium is filled with a liquid. A cork cube, 10.0 cm on a side, is pushed and held at rest completely submerged in the liquid. It takes a force of 7.84 N to hold it under the liquid. If the density of cork is 200 kg/m3, find the density of the liquid.
A block of iron quickly sinks in water, but ships constructed of iron float. A solid cube of iron 1.0 m on each side is made into sheets. To make these sheets into a hollow cube that will not sink, what should be the minimum length of the sides of the sheets?
Plans are being made to bring back the zeppelin, a lighter-than-air airship like the Goodyear blimp that carries passengers and cargo, but is filled with helium, not flammable hydrogen as was used in the ill-fated Hindenburg. One design calls for the ship to be 110 m long and to have a total mass
A girl floats in a lake with of her body beneath the water. What are (a) Her mass density and (b) Her weight density?
A spherical navigation buoy is tethered to the lake floor by a vertical cable (Fig. 9.40). The outside diameter of the buoy is 1.00 m. The interior of the buoy consists of an aluminum shell 1.0 cm thick, and the rest is solid plastic. The density of aluminum is and the density of the plastic is
Figure 9.41 shows a simple laboratory experiment. Calculate(a) The volume and (b) The density of the suspended sphere. (Assume that the density of the sphere is uniform and that the liquid in the beaker is water.) (c) Would you be able to make the same determinations if the liquid in the beaker
An ideal fluid is moving at in a section of a pipe of radius 0.20 m. If the radius in another section is 0.35 m, what is the flow speed there?
(a) If the radius of a pipe narrows to half of its original size, will the flow speed in the narrow section (1) increase by a factor of 2, (2) increase by a factor of 4, (3) decrease by a factor of 2, or (4) decrease by a factor of 4? Why? (b) If the radius widens to three times its original size,
Water flows through a horizontal tube similar to that in Fig. 9.20. However in this case, the constricted part of the tube is half the diameter of the larger part. If the water speed is in the larger parts of the tube, by how much does the pressure drop in the constricted part? Express the final
A 4.0-kg object is supported by an aluminum wire of length 2.0 m and diameter 2.0 mm. How much will the wire stretch?
The speed of blood in a major artery of diameter 1.0 cm is 4.5 cm/s. (a) What is the flow rate in the artery? (b) If the capillary system has a total cross-sectional area of 2500 cm2, the average speed of blood through the capillaries is what percentage of that through the major artery? (c) Why
The blood flow speed through an aorta with a radius of 1.00 cm is 0.265 m/s. If hardening of the arteries causes the aorta to be constricted to a radius of 0.800 cm, by how much would the blood flow speed increase?
Using the data and result of Exercise 61, calculate the pressure difference between the two areas of the aorta. (Blood density: ρ = 1.05 x 103 kg/m3.) In exercise The blood flow speed through an aorta with a radius of 1.00 cm is 0.265 m/s. If hardening of the arteries causes the aorta to be
In a dramatic lecture demonstration, a physics professor blows hard across the top of a copper penny that is at rest on a level desk. By doing this at the right speed, he can get the penny to accelerate vertically, into the airstream, and then deflect it into a tray, as shown in Fig. 9.42. Assuming
The spout heights in the container in Fig. 9.43 are 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm, and 40 cm. The water level is maintained at a 45-cm height by an outside supply.(a) What is the speed of the water out of each hole? (b) Which water stream has the greatest range relative to the base of the container? Justify
In Conceptual Example 9.14, it was explained why a stream of water from a faucet necks down into a smaller cross-sectional area as it descends. Suppose at the top of the stream it has a cross-sectional area of 2.0 cm2, and a vertical distance 5.0 cm below the cross-sectional area of the stream is
Water flows at a rate of 25 L/min through a horizontal 7.0-cm-diameter pipe under a pressure of 6.0 Pa. At one point, calcium deposits reduce the cross-sectional area of the pipe to 30 cm2. What is the pressure at this point? (Consider the water to be an ideal fluid.)
As a fire-fighting method, a homeowner in the deep woods rigs up a water pump to bring water from a lake that is 10.0 m below the level of the house. If the pump is capable of producing a gauge pressure of 140 kPa, at what rate (in L/s) can water be pumped to the house assuming the hose has a
A Venturi meter can be used to measure the flow speed of a liquid. A simple such device is shown in Fig. 9.44. Show that the flow speed of an ideal fluid is given by
The pulmonary artery, which connects the heart to the lungs, is about 8.0 cm long and has an inside diameter of 5.0 mm. If the flow rate in it is to be , what is the required pressure difference over its length?
A copper wire has a length of 5.0 m and a diameter of 3.0 mm. Under what load will its length increase by 0.30 mm?
A hospital patient receives a quick 500-cc blood trans-fusion through a needle with a length of 5.0 cm and an inner diameter of 1.0 mm. If the blood bag is suspended 0.85 m above the needle, how long does the transfusion take? (Neglect the viscosity of the blood flowing in the plastic tube between
A nurse needs to draw 20.0 cc of blood from a patient and deposit it into a small plastic container whose interior is at atmospheric pressure. He inserts the needle end of a long tube into a vein where the average gauge pressure is 30.0 mm Hg. This allows the internal pressure in the vein to push
What is the difference in volume (due only to pres-sure changes, and not temperature or other factors) between 1000 kg of water at the surface (assume 4 °C) of the ocean and the same mass at the deepest known depth, 8.00 km? (Mariana Trench, assume 4 °C also.)
A rock is suspended from a string in air. The tension in the string is 2.94 N. When the rock is then dunked into a liquid and the string is allowed to go slack, it sinks and comes to rest on a spring with a spring constant of 200 N/m. The spring’s final compression is 1.00 cm. If the density of
An unevenly weighted baton (cylindrical in shape) consists of two sections: a denser (lower) section and a less dense (upper) section. When placed in water, it is upright and barely floats. The baton has a diameter of 2.00 cm; its lower part is made of steel with a density of 7800 kg/m3, and the
(a) Referring to the metal rod in Figure 9.2a (under tensile stress), show that Eq. 9.4 can be rewritten to resemble a Hooke’s law type of spring relationship for the rod. That is, show that it can be written as F = k ∆L, where k is the “effective” spring constant for the rod. Express k

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