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physics
thermodynamics

Questions and Answers of Thermodynamics

A 50 by 50 cm square vertical plate is maintained at 95oC and exposed to saturated steam at 1 atm pressure. Calculate the amount of steam condensed per hour.
Calculate the rate of condensation on a 1.5 by 1.5 m vertical plate maintained at 40oF and exposed to saturated water vapor at 55oF; hfg = 2376 kJ/kg at 55oF.
A vertical plate 40 by 40 cm is exposed to saturated vapor ammonia at 38oC and the plate surface is maintained constant at 30oC. Calculate the condensation rate if hfg = 1111 kJ/kg at 38oC.
Using physical reasoning, justify the T3/2 dependence of the diffusion coefficient as shown by Equation (11-2).
Assume that a human forearm may be approximated by a cylinder 4 in. in diameter and 1 ft long. The arm is exposed to a dry-air environmental temperature of 115oF in a 10-mi/h breeze on the desert and
A 30-cm-square plate is placed on a low-speed wind tunnel; the surface is covered with a thin layer of water. The dry air is at atmospheric pressure and 43oC and blows over the plate at a velocity of
Calculate the rate of evaporation for the system in Problem 11-11.Problem 11-11A 30-cm-square plate is placed on a low-speed wind tunnel; the surface is covered with a thin layer of water. The dry
Refine the analysis of Problem 11-10 by assuming a body-heat generation of 1860 W/m3. Problem 11-10 Assume that a human forearm may be approximated by a cylinder 4 in. in diameter and 1 ft long. The
Dry air at 65oC blows over a 30-cm-square plate at a velocity of 6 m/s. The plate is covered with a smooth porous material, and water is supplied to the material at 25oC. Assuming that the underside
Using Equation (11-2), calculate the diffusion coefficient for benzene in atmospheric air at 25oC.
When employed to measure the evaporation rate into ambient air at 35oC, a standard land-pan apparatus indicates an evaporation rate of 350 g/m2 · h when subjected to a crosswind of 250 m/min.
A light breeze at 2.2 m/s blows across a standard evaporation pan. The atmospheric conditions are 20oC and 40 percent relative humidity. What is the evaporation rate for a land pan in grams per hour
An evaporation rate of 0.3 g/s ∙ m2 is experienced for a 4.5-m/s breeze blowing across a standard land pan. What is the relative humidity if the dry-bulb (ambient) air temperature is 40ºC?
The land-pan-evaporation formula may be used to estimate the evaporation rate from swimming pools. Compare the water loss rate for a pool in Pasadena, California, exposed to air at 80ºF and 30
Convert the dimensional equation (11-36) to one in which the units of the variables are Elp = mm/day, = m/s, and ps and pw = Pa.
Dry air at atmospheric pressure and 25oC blows across a flat plate at a velocity of 1.5 m/s. The plate is 30 cm square and is covered with a film of water that may evaporate into the air. Plot the
The cover on a wet-bulb thermometer is soaked in benzene, and the thermometer is exposed to a stream of dry air. The thermometer indicates a temperature of 26oC. Calculate the free stream air
Dry air at 25oC and atmospheric pressure flows inside a 5-cm-diameter pipe at a velocity of 3 m/s. The wall is coated with a thin film of water, and the wall temperature is 25oC. Calculate the
An open pan 20 cm in diameter and 10 cm deep contains water at 25oC and is exposed to atmospheric air at 25oC and 50 percent relative humidity. Calculate the evaporation rate of water in grams per
A test tube 1.25 cm in diameter and 15 cm deep contains benzene at 26oC and is exposed to dry atmospheric air at 26oC. Using the properties given in Problem 11-4, calculate the evaporation rate of
Dry air at 25oC and atmospheric pressure blows over a 30-cm-square surface of ice at a velocity of 1.5 m/s. Estimate the amount of moisture evaporated per hour, assuming that the block of ice is
The temperature of an airstream is to be measured, but the thermometer available does not have a sufficiently high range. Accordingly, a dampened cover is placed around the thermometer before it is
Based on information contained in charts in this chapter, specify an approximate height for a vertical flat plate and diameter of a horizontal cylinder for which the simplified equations of Table 7-2
Common building brick having dimensions of 5 × 10 × 20 cm is heated to a uniform temperature of 400 K and suddenly subjected to air at 1 atm and 300 K. Can the brick be treated as a lumped
Using chart(s) in this chapter determine the heat lost by forced convection from a flat plat maintained at 350 K and subjected to atmospheric air at 300 K and a flow velocity of 50 m/s. The plate
Calculate the heat lost by a circular cylinder maintained at 350 K, having a diameter of 30 cm and subjected to the same flow conditions as in Problem 12-11. Problem 12-11 Using chart(s) in this
A thermocouple bead is spherical in shape having a diameter of 2mm and is subjected to the same flow system as in Problem 12-11. Estimate the heat-transfer coefficient for such a
A fine wire having a diameter of 0.025 mm is placed in a horizontal position in atmospheric air at 300 K. An electric current is passed through the wire such that the surface temperature reaches a
Suppose the thermocouple bead of Problem 12-13 is maintained at 350 K and exposed to quiescent air at 1 atm and 300 K. Estimate the heat-transfer coefficient that would result in this case.
A flat plate having a height of 70 mm is maintained at 350 K and exposed to atmospheric air at 300 K. Using charts in this chapter determine the convection heat-transfer coefficient, boundary-layer
Two isothermal horizontal plates are maintained at 310 and 290 K, respectively, with the hotter plate below the cooler plate. The spacing between the plates is 1 cm. Estimate the convection heat
Repeat Problem 12-19 if the fluid is air at 1 atm.Problem 12-19Two isothermal horizontal plates are maintained at 310 and 290 K, respectively, with the hotter plate below the cooler plate. The
A vertical air gap contains air at 300 K and 1 atm. The spacing between the plates is 10 cm and the temperature difference is 20oC. Estimate the percentage reduction in heat transfer that would
A small sphere having diameter of 2 cm and maintained at 475oC is contained in a cube having dimensions of 6 cm on a side and maintained at 300 K. The emissivity of the sphere is 0.5 and the
A hot steam pipe at 200oC having a surface emissivity of 0.7 and diameter of 10 cm is placed horizontally in a room of quiescent air at 1 atm and 300 K. Calculate the total heat lost by the pipe per
Apply Figures 12-23 and 12-25 to boiling of water at 1 atm (0.101 MPa). Discuss.
Rework Examples 12-9 and 12-10 for a tube having a diameter of 15 mm.
Using charts in this chapter, estimate the heat lost by free convection from a vertical flat plate 50 mm high and 25 mm wide maintained at 310 K and exposed to liquid water at 290 K. Also estimate
Suppose air at 1 atm is mistakenly used as the fluid in Problem 12-4. What percent error would result?
An airfoil section is placed in a large wind tunnel that produces air speeds of 300 mi/h at free-stream conditions of 290 K and 1 atm pressure. The airfoil is heated to a uniform temperature of 310
Using charts in this chapter determine the fraction of the solar radiation spectrum that lies between 0.5 and 2.0 μm wavelengths. Assume the overall solar spectrum to be that of a blackbody at 5800
Compare the convection heat transfer coefficients for air at 300 K flowing in smooth tubes at Reynolds numbers of 100 and 10,000. Choose appropriate values of d and L.
To what group in the periodic table would an element with atomic number 114 belong?
Without consulting Figure 2.6 or Table 2.2, determine whether each of the electron configurations given below is an inert gas, a halogen, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or a transition
(a) What electron sub shell is being filled for the rare earth series of elements on the periodic table? (b) What electron sub shell is being filled for the actinide series?
Calculate the force of attraction between a K+ and an O2- ion the centers of which are separated by a distance of 1.5 nm.
The net potential energy between two adjacent ions, EN, may be represented by the sum of Equations 2.8 and 2.9; that is,Calculate the bonding energy E0 in terms of the parameters A, B, and n using
For a K+-Cl- ion pair, attractive and repulsive energies EA and ER, respectively, depend on the distance between the ions r, according toFor these expressions, energies are expressed in electron
Consider a hypothetical X+-Y- ion pair for which the equilibrium interionic spacing and bonding energy values are 0.35 nm and -6.13 eV, respectively. If it is known that n in Equation 2.11 has a
The net potential energy EN between two adjacent ions is sometimes represented by the expressionin which r is the interionic separation and C, D, and Ï are constants whose values depend on
(a) Briefly cite the main differences between ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding. (b) State the Pauli exclusion principle.
Compute the percents ionic character of the interatomic bonds for the following compounds: TiO2, ZnTe, CsCl, InSb, and MgCl2.
Chromium has four naturally-occurring isotopes: 4.34% of 50Cr, with an atomic weight of 49.9460 amu, 83.79% of 52Cr, with an atomic weight of 51.9405 amu, 9.50% of 53Cr, with an atomic weight of
Make a plot of bonding energy versus melting temperature for the metals listed in Table 2.3. Using this plot, approximate the bonding energy for copper, which has a melting temperature of 1084°C.
Using Table 2.2, determine the number of covalent bonds that are possible for atoms of the following elements: germanium, phosphorus, selenium, and chlorine.
What type(s) of bonding would be expected for each of the following materials: brass (a copper-zinc alloy), rubber, barium sulfide (BaS), solid xenon, bronze, nylon, and aluminum phosphide (AlP)?
Explain why hydrogen fluoride (HF) has a higher boiling temperature than hydrogen chloride (HCl) (19.4 vs. -85°C), even though HF has a lower molecular weight.
(a) How many grams are there in one amu of a material? (b) Mole, in the context of this book, is taken in units of gram-mole. On this basis, how many atoms are there in a pound-mole of a substance?
(a) Cite two important quantum-mechanical concepts associated with the Bohr model of the atom. (b) Cite two important additional refinements that resulted from the wave-mechanical atomic model.
Relative to electrons and electron states, what does each of the four quantum numbers specify?
Allowed values for the quantum numbers of electrons are as follows: n = 1, 2, 3, . . . l = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , n -1 ml = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, . . . , ±l ms = ±12 The relationships between n and the
Give the electron configurations for the following ions: Fe2+, Al3+, Cu+, Ba2+, Br-, and O2-.
Sodium chloride (NaCl) exhibits predominantly ionic bonding. The Na+ and Cl- ions have electron structures that are identical to which two inert gases?
What is the difference between atomic structure and crystal structure?
Some hypothetical metal has the simple cubic crystal structure shown in Figure 3.24. If its atomic weight is 70.4 g/mol and the atomic radius is 0.126 nm, compute its density.
Zirconium has an HCP crystal structure and a density of 6.51 g/cm3. (a) What is the volume of its unit cell in cubic meters? (b) If the c/a ratio is 1.593, compute the values of c and a.
Using atomic weight, crystal structure, and atomic radius data tabulated inside the front cover, compute the theoretical densities of lead, chromium, copper, and cobalt, and then compare these values
Rhodium has an atomic radius of 0.1345 nm and a density of 12.41 g/cm3. Determine whether it has an FCC or BCC crystal structure.
Below are listed the atomic weight, density, and atomic radius for three hypothetical alloys. For each determine whether its crystal structure is FCC, BCC, or simple cubic and then justify your
The unit cell for tin has tetragonal symmetry, with a and b lattice parameters of 0.583 and 0.318 nm, respectively. If its density, atomic weight, and atomic radius are 7.30 g/cm3, 118.69 g/mol, and
Iodine has an orthorhombic unit cell for which the a, b, and c lattice parameters are 0.479, 0.725, and 0.978 nm, respectively. (a) If the atomic packing factor and atomic radius are 0.547 and 0.177
Titanium has an HCP unit cell for which the ratio of the lattice parameters c/a is 1.58. If the radius of the Ti atom is 0.1445 nm, (a) determine the unit cell volume, and (b) calculate the density
Zinc has an HCP crystal structure, a c/a ratio of 1.856, and a density of 7.13 g/cm3. Compute the atomic radius for Zn.
Rhenium has an HCP crystal structure, an atomic radius of 0.137 nm, and a c/a ratio of 1.615. Compute the volume of the unit cell for Re.
If the atomic radius of aluminum is 0.143 nm, calculate the volume of its unit cell in cubic meters.
Below is a unit cell for a hypothetical metal.(a) To which crystal system does this unit cell belong?(b) What would this crystal structure be called?(c) Calculate the density of the material, given
Sketch a unit cell for the body-centered orthorhombic crystal structure. `
List the point coordinates for all atoms that are associated with the FCC unit cell.
List the point coordinates of the titanium, barium, and oxygen ions for a unit cell of the perovskite crystal structure (Figure 12.6).
List the point coordinates of all atoms that are associated with the diamond cubic unit cell.
Sketch a tetragonal unit cell, and within that cell indicate locations of the 1/2 1 1/2 and 1/4 1/2 3/4 point coordinates.
Using the Molecule Definition Utility found in both "Metallic Crystal Structures and Crystallography" and "Ceramic Crystal Structures" modules of VMSE, located on the book's web site
Draw an orthorhombic unit cell, and within that cell a [121] direction.
Sketch a monoclinic unit cell, and within that cell a [011] direction.
What are the indices for the directions indicated by the two vectors in the sketch below?
Show for the body-centered cubic crystal structure that the unit cell edge length a and the atomic radius R are related through a = 4R/√3.
Within a cubic unit cell, sketch the following directions:(a) , [1 10](b) , [1 2 1](c) , [01 2](d) , [13 3](e) , [1 1 1](f) , [1 22](g) , [12 3 ](h) . [1 03]
Determine the indices for the directions shown in the following cubic unit cell:
Determine the indices for the directions shown in the following cubic unit cell:
For tetragonal crystals, cite the indices of directions that are equivalent to each of the following directions: (a) [001] (b) [110] (c) [010]
Convert the [100] and [111] directions into the four-index Miller-Bravais scheme for hexagonal unit cells.
Determine indices for the directions shown in the following hexagonal unit cells:
Sketch the [1 1 23] and [101 0] directions in a hexagonal unit cell.
Using Equations 3.6a, 3.6b, 3.6c, and 3.6d, derive expressions for each of the three primed indices set (u′, v′, and w′) in terms of the four unprimed indices (u, v, t, and w).
(a) Draw an orthorhombic unit cell, and within that cell a (210) plane. (b) Draw a monoclinic unit cell, and within that cell a (002) plane.
What are the indices for the two planes drawn in the sketch below?
For the HCP crystal structure, show that the ideal c/a ratio is 1.633.
Sketch within a cubic unit cell the following planes:(a) , (01 1 )(b) , (112 )(c) , (102 )(d) , (13 1)(e) , (1 11 )(f) , (12 2 )(g) , (1 23 )(h) (01 3 )
Determine the Miller indices for the planes shown in the following unit cell:
Determine the Miller indices for the planes shown in the following unit cell:

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