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physics
thermodynamics

Questions and Answers of Thermodynamics

A steel tank is completely filled with 2.80 m3 of ethanol when both the tank and the ethanol are at a temperature of 32.0°C. When the tank and its contents have cooled to 18.0°C, what additional
A glass flask whose volume is 1000.00 cm3 at 0.0oC is completely filled with mercury at this temperature.When flask and mercury are warmed to 55.0oC, 8.95 cm3 of mercury overflow. If the coefficient
(a) If an area measured on the surface of a solid body is Ao at some initial temperature and then changes by M when the temperature changes by ΔT, show thatWhere a is the coefficient of linear
A machinist bores a hole of diameter 1.35 cm in a steel plate at a temperature of 25.0°C. What is the cross-sectional area of the hole? (a) At 25.0°C and (b) When the temperature of the plate is
As a new mechanical engineer for Engines Inc., you have been assigned to design brass pistons to slide inside steel cylinders. The engines in which these pistons will be used will operate between
The outer diameter of a glass jar and the inner diameter of its iron lid are both 725 mm at room temperature (20.0°C). What will be the size of the mismatch between the lid and the jar if the lid is
A brass rod is 185 cm long and 1.60 cm in diameter. What force must be applied to each end of the rod to prevent it from contracting when it is cooled from 120.0°C to 10.0°C?
(a) A wire that is 1.50 m long at 20.0°C is found to increase in length by 1.90 cm when warmed to 420.0°C. Compute its average coefficient of linear expansion for this temperature range. (b) The
Steel train rails are laid in 12.0-m-long segments placed end to end. The rails are laid on a winter day when their temperature is - 2.0°C. (a) How much space must be left between adjacent rails if
An aluminum tea kettle with mass 1.50 kg and containing 1.80 kg of water is placed on a stove. If no heat is lost to the surroundings, how much heat must be added to raise the temperature from
In an effort to stay awake for an all-night study session, a student makes a cup of coffee by first placing a 200-W electric immersion heater in 0.320 kg of water. (a) How much heat must be added to
You are given a sample of metal and asked to determine its specific heat. You weigh the sample and find that its weight is 28.4 N. You carefully add 1.25 X 104 J of heat energy to the sample and find
Heat Loss During Breathing. In very cold weather a significant mechanism for heat loss by the human body is energy expended in warming the air taken into the lungs with each breath. (a) On a cold
While running, a 70-kg student generates thermal energy at a rate of 1200 W .To maintain a constant body temperature of 37°C, this energy must be removed by perspiration or other mechanisms. If
While painting the top of an antenna 225 m in height, a worker accidentally lets a 1.00-L water bottle fall from his lunchbox. The bottle lands in some bushes at ground level and does not break. If a
A crate of fruit with mass 35.0 kg and specific heat 3650 J/kg • K slides down a ramp inclined at 36.9°C below the horizontal. The ramp is 8.00 m long. (a) If the crate was at rest at the top of
A 25,000-kg subway train initially traveling at 15.5 m/s slows to a stop in a station and then stays there long enough for its brakes to cool. The station's dimensions are 65.0 m long by 20.0 m wide
A nail driven into a board increases in temperature. If we assume that 60% of the kinetic energy delivered by a 1.80-kg hammer with a speed of 7.80 m/s is transformed into heat that flows into the
A technician measures the specific heat of an unidentified liquid by immersing an electrical resistor in it. Electrical energy is converted to heat transferred to the liquid for 120 s at a constant
You add 8950 J of heat to 3.00 mol of iron. (a) What is the temperature increase of the iron? (b) If this same amount of heat is added to 3.00 kg of iron, what is the iron's temperature increase? (c)
As a physicist, you put heat into a 500.0-g solid sample at the rate of 10.0 kJ/min, while recording its temperature as a function of time .You plot your data and obtain the graph shown in Fig.
A 500.0-g chunk of an unknown metal, which has been in boiling water for several minutes, is quickly dropped into an insulating Styrofoam beaker containing 1.00 kg of water at room temperature
Before going in for his annual physical, a 70.0-kg man whose body temperature is 37.0°C consumes an entire 0.355-L can of a soft drink (mostly water) at 12.0°C. (a) What will his body temperature
In the situation described in Exercise 17.46, the man's metabolism will eventually return the temperature of his body (and of the soft drink that he consumed) to 37.0°C. If his body releases energy
An ice-cube tray of negligible mass contains 0.350 kg of water at 18.0°C. How much heat must be removed to cool the water to 0.00°C and freeze it? Express your answer in joules, calories, and Btu.
How much heat is required to convert 12.0 g of ice at –l0.0°C to steam at 100.0°C? Express your answer in joules, calories, and Btu.
An open container holds 0.550 kg of ice at -15.0°C. The mass of the container can be ignored. Heat is supplied to the container at the constant rate of 800.0 J/min for 500.0 min.(a) After how many
The capacity of commercial air conditioners is sometimes expressed in “tons,” the number of tons of ice (I ton = 2000 lb) that can be frozen from water at 0°C in 24 h by the unit. Express the
Steam Burns Versus Water Burns. What is the amount of heat input to your skin when it receives the heat released? (a) By 25.0 g of steam initially at 100.C°C, when it is cooled to skin temperature
What must the initial speed of a lead bullet be at a temperature of 25.0°C so that the heat developed when it is brought to rest will be just sufficient to melt it? Assume that all the initial
Evaporation of sweat is an important mechanism for temperature control in some warm-blooded animals. (a) What mass of water must evaporate from the skin of a 70.0-kg man to cool his body 1.00 C°?
“The Ship of the Desert.” Camels require very little water because they are able to tolerate relatively large changes in their body temperature. While humans keep their body temperatures constant
An asteroid with a diameter of l0 km and a mass of 2.60 X 1015 kg impacts the earth at a speed of 32.0 km/s, landing in the Pacific Ocean. If 1.00% of the asteroid's kinetic energy goes to boiling
A refrigerator door is opened and room-temperature air (20.0°C) fills the 1.50-m3 compartment. A 10.0-kg turkey, also at room temperature, is placed in the refrigerator and the door is closed. The
A laboratory technician drops a 0.0850-kg sample of unknown material, at a temperature of l00.0°C, into a calorimeter. The calorimeter can, initially at 19.0°C, is made of 0.150 kg of copper and
An insulated beaker with negligible mass contains 0.250 kg of water at a temperature of 75.0°C. How many kilograms of ice at temperature of -20.0°C must be dropped into the water to make the final
A glass vial containing a 16.0-g sample of an enzyme is cooled in an ire bath. The bath contains water and 0.120 kg of ice. The sample has specific heat 2250J/kg' K; the glass vial has mass 6.00 g
A 4.00-kg silver ingot is taken from a furnace, where its temperature is 750.0°C, and placed on a large block of ice at 0.0°C. Assuming that all the heat given up by the silver is used to melt the
A copper calorimeter can with mass 0.100 kg contains 0.160 kg of water and 0.0180 kg of ice in thermal equilibrium at atmospheric pressure. H 0.750 kg of lead at a temperature of 255°C is dropped
A vessel whose walls are thermally insulated contains 2.40 kg of water and 0.450 kg of ice, all at a temperature of 0.0°C. The outlet of a tube leading from a boiler in which water is boiling at
Use Eq. (17.21) to show that the SI units of thermal conductivity are W/m· K
Suppose that the rod in Fig. 17.23a is made of copper, is 45.0 cm long and has a cross-sectional area of 1.25 cm2. Let TH = 100.0oC and Tc = 0.0oC. (a) What is the final steady-state temperature
One end of an insulated metal rod is maintained at 100.0oC, and the other end is maintained at 0.00oC by an ice-water mixture. The rod is 60.0 cm long and has a cross-sectional area of 1.25 cm2. The
A carpenter builds an exterior house wall with a layer of wood 3.0 cm thick on the outside and a layer of Styrofoam insulation 2.2 cm thick on the inside wall surface. The wood has k = 0.080W/m·K
An electric kitchen range has a total wall area of 1.40 m2 and is insulated with a layer of fiberglass 4.00 cm thick. The inside surface of the fiberglass has a temperature of 175°C, and its outside
The ceiling of a room has an area of 125 ft2. The ceiling is insulated to an R value of 30 (in units of ft2. F° •h/Btu). The surface in the room is maintained at 69°F, and the surface in the
A long rod, insulated to prevent heat loss along its sides, is in perfect thermal contact with boiling water (at atmospheric pressure) at one end and with an ice-water mixture at the other (Fig.
A pot with a steel bottom 8.50 mm thick rests on a hot stove. The area of the bottom of the pot is 0.150 m2. The water inside the pot is at l00.0oC, and 0.390 kg are evaporated every 3.00 min. Find
You are asked to design a cylindrical steel rod 50.0 cm long, with a circular cross section, that will conduct 150.0 J/s from a furnace at 400.0oC to a container of boiling water under 1 atmosphere.
A picture window has dimensions of 1.40 m X 2.50 m and is made of glass 5.20 mm thick. On a winter day, the outside temperature is -20.0°C, while the inside temperature is a comfortable 19.5°C. (a)
What is the rate of energy radiation per unit area of a blackbody a\ a temperature of? (a) 273 K and (b) 2730 K?
What is the net rate of heat loss by radiation in Example l7.16 (Section 17.7) if the \temperature of the surroundings is 5.0°C?
The emissivity of tungsten is 0.350. A tungsten sphere with radius 1.50 cm is suspended within a large evacuated enclosure whose walls are at 290.0 K. What power input is required to maintain the
Size of a Light Bulb Filament. The operating \temperature of a tungsten filament in an incandescent light bulb is 2450 K, and its emissivity is 0.350. Find the surface area of the filament of a 150-W
The Sizes of Stars. The hot glowing surfaces of stars emit energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation. It is a good approximation to assume e = 1 for these surfaces. Find the radii of the
You propose a new temperature scale with temperatures given in oM. You define 0.0oM to be the normal melting point of mercury and 100.0o to be the normal boiling point of mercury. (a) What is the
Suppose that a steel hoop could be constructed to fit just around the earth's equator at a temperature of 20.0oC. What would be the thickness of space between the hoop and the earth if the
At an absolute temperature To, a cube has sides of length Lo and has density Po.The cube is made of a material with coefficient of volume expansion po (a) Show that if the temperature increases to
A 25D-kg weight is hanging from the ceiling by a thin copper wire. In its fundamental mode, this wire vibrates at the frequency of concert A (440 Hz). You then increase the temperature of the wire by
Use Fig. 17.12 to find the approximate coefficient of volume expansion of water at 2.0°C and at 8.0°C.
Use Fig. 17.12 to find the approximate coefficient of volume expansion of water at 2.0°C and at 8.0°C.
A Foucault pendulum consists of a brass sphere with a diameter of 35.0cm suspended from a steel cable 10.5 m long (both measurements made at 20.0°C). Due to a design over sight, the swinging sphere
You pour 108 cm3 of ethanol, at a temperature of -10.0oC, into a graduated cylinder initially at 20.0oC, filling it to the very top. The cylinder is made of glass with a specific heat of 840 J/kg. K
A metal rod that is 30.0 cm long expands by 0.0650 cm when its temperature is raised from 0.0°C to l00.0°C. A rod of a different metal and of the same length expands by 0.0350 cm for the same rise
On a cool (4.0°C) Saturday morning, a pilot fills the fuel tanks of her Pitts S-2C (a two-seat aerobatic airplane) to their full capacity of 106.0 L. Before flying on Sunday morning, when the
Where F is the tension on the rod, Lo is the original length of the rod, A its cross· sectional area, a its coefficient of linear expansion, and Y its Young's modulus.
A steel rod 0350 m long and an aluminum rod 0.250 m long, both with the same diameter, are placed end to end between rigid supports with no initial stress in the rods. The temperature of the rods is
A steel ring with a 2.5000-in. inside diameter at 20.0°C is to be warmed and slipped over a brass shaft with a 2.5020-in. outside diameter at 20.0°C. (a) To what temperature should the ring be
Bulk Stress Due to a Temperature Increase. (a) Prove that. if an object under pressure has its temperature raised but is not allowed to expand, the increase in pressure is Δp = BβΔT
A liquid is enclosed in a metal cylinder that is provided with a piston of the same metal. The system is originally at a pressure of 1.00 atm (1.013 X 105 Pal and at a temperature of 30.0°C. The
You cool a l00.0-g slug of red-hot iron (temperature 745°C) by dropping it into an insulated cup of negligible mass containing 75.0 g of water at 20.0°C. Assuming no heat exchange with the
Spacecraft Reentry. A spacecraft made of aluminum circles the earth at a speed of 7700 m/s. (a) Find the ratio of its kinetic energy to the energy required to raise its temperature from 0oC to 600oC.
A capstan is a rotating drum or cylinder over which a rope or cord slides in order to provide a great amplification of the rope's tension while keeping both ends free (Fig. 17.33). Since the added
Debye's T3 Law. At very low temperatures the molar heat capacity of rock salt varies with temperature according to Debye's T3law: C= kT3/O3 Where k = 1940J/mol' K and 0= 281 K. (a) How much heat is
A person of mass 70.0 kg is sitting in the bathtub. The bathtub is 190.0 cm by 80.0 cm; before the person got in, the water was 10.0 cm deep. The water is at a temperature of 37.0°C. Suppose that
Hot Air in a Physics Leeture(a) A typical student listening attentively to a physics lecture has a heat output of 100 W. How much heat energy does a class of 90 physics students release into a
The molar heat capacity of a certain substance varies with temperature according to the empirical equation C = 29.5 j/mol .K + (8.20 X 10-3 J/mol .K2) THow much heat is necessary to change the
For your cabin in the wilderness, you decide to build a primitive refrigerator out of Styrofoam, planning to keep the interior cool with a block of ice that has an initial mass of24.0 kg. The box has
Hot Water Versus Steam Heating. In a household hot water heating system, water is delivered to the radiators at 70.0oC(158.0oF) and leaves at 28.0oC (82.4oF) .The system is to be replaced by a steam
A copper calorimeter can with mass 0.446 kg contains 0.0950 kg of ice. The system is initially at 0.0oC. (a) If 0.0350 kg of steam at l00.0oC and 1.00 atm pressure is added to the can, what is the
A Styrofoam bucket of negligible mass contains 1.75 kg of water and 0.450 kg of ice. More ice, from a refrigerator at -15.0oC, is added to the mixture in the bucket, and when thermal equilibrium has
In a container of negligible mass, 0.0400 kg of steam at l00oC and atmospheric pressure is added to 0.200 kg of water at 50.0oC. (a) If no heat is lost to the surroundings, what is the final
A tube leads from a 0.I50-kg calorimeter to a flask in which water is boiling under atmospheric pressure. The calorimeter has specific heat capacity 420 J/kg .K, and it originally contains 0.340 kg
A worker pours 1.250 kg of molten lead at a temperature of 365.0oC into 0.5000 kg of water at a temperature of 75.00oC in an insulated bucket of negligible mass. Assuming no heat loss to the
One experimental method of measuring an insulating material's thermal conductivity is to construct a box of the material and measure the power input to an electric heater inside the box that
Effect of a Window in a Door. A carpenter builds a solid wood door with dimensions 2.00 m X 0.95 m X 5.0 cm. Its thermal conductivity is k = 0.120 W/m· K. The air films on the inner and outer
A wood ceiling with thermal resistance R1 is covered with a layer of insulation with thermal resistance R2• Prove that the effective thermal resistance of the combination is R= R1 + R2•
Compute the ratio of the rate of heat loss through a single pane window with area 0.15 m2 to that fur a double-pane window with the same area. The glass of a single pane is 4.2 mm thick, and the air
Rods of copper, brass, and steel are welded together to form a Y-shaped figure. The cross· sectional area of each rod is2.00 cm2.The free end of the copper rod is maintained at l00.0oC, and the free
Time Needed for a Lake to Freeze over. (a) When the air temperature is below 0oC, the water at the surface of a lake freezes to form an ice sheet. Why doesn't freezing occur throughout the entire
Arod is initially at a uniform temperature of 0oC through out. One end is kept at 0oC, and the other is brought into contact with a steam bath at l00oC. The surface of the rod is insulated 80 that
A rustic cabin has a floor area of 3.50 m X 3.00 m, its walls, which are 2.50 m tall, are made of wood (thermal conductivity 0.0600 W 1m. K) 1.80 cm thick and are further insulated with 1.50 cm of a
The rate at which radiant energy from the sun reaches the earth's upper atmosphere is about 1.50 kW /m2• The distance from the earth to the sun is 1.50 X 1011 m, and the radius of the sun is 6.96 X
A Thermos for Liquid Helium. A physicist uses a cylindrical metal can 0.250 m high and 0.090 m in diameter to store liquid helium at 4.22 K; at that temperature the heat of vaporization of helium is
Thermal Expansion of an Ideal Gas (a) The pressure p, volume V, number of moles n, and Kelvin temperature T of an ideal gas are related by the equation p V = nRT, where R is a constant. Prove that
An engineer is developing an electric water hearer to provide a continuous supply of hot water. One trial design is shown in Fig. 17.34. Water is flowing at the rate of 0.500 kg/min, the inlet
Food Intake of a Hamster. The energy output of an animal engaged in an activity is called the basal metabolic rate (BMR) and is a measure of the conversion of food energy into other forms of energy.
The icecaps of Greenland and Antarctica contain about 1.75% of the total water (by mass) on the earth's surface; the oceans contain about 97.5%, and the other 0.75% is mainly groundwater. Suppose the
(a) A spherical shell has inner and outer radii a and b, respectively, and the temperatures at the inner and outer surfaces are T2 and T1. The thermal conductivity of the material of which the shell
A steam pipe with a radius of 2.00 cm, carrying steam at 140oC, is surrounded by a cylindrical jacket with inner and outer radii 2.00 cm and 4.00 cm and made of a type of cork with thermal

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