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physics
thermodynamics

Fundamentals of Physics 8th Extended edition Jearl Walker, Halliday Resnick - Solutions

A dehumidifier is essentially a “refrigerator with an open door”. The humid air is pulled in by a fan and guided to a cold coil, where the temperature is less that the dew point, and some of the air’s water condenses, After this water is extracted, the air is warmed back to its original
The coldest that any object can ever get is 0 K (or -273 C). It is rare for physical quantities to have an upper or lower possible limit. Explain why temperature has this lower limit.
Suppose it takes an amount of heat Q to make a cup of coffee. If you make 3 cups of coffee how much heat is required?
How much heat is required to make a cup of coffee? Assume the mass of water is 0.1 kg and the water is initially at 0 ± C. We want the water to reach boiling point. Give your answer in Joule and calorie and Calorie.(1 cal = 4.186 J; 1 Calorie = 1000 calorie. For water
How much heat is required to change a 1 kg block of ice at – 10oC to steam at 110oC? Give your answer in Joule and calorie and Calorie. (1 cal = 4.186 J; 1 Calorie = 1000 calorie.
A gas thermometer is constructed of two gas-containing bulbs, each in a water bath, as shown in Figure. The pressure difference between the two bulbs is measured by a mercury manometer as shown. Appropriate reservoirs, not shown in the diagram, maintain constant gas volume in the two bulbs. There
Two constant-volume gas thermometers are assembled, one with nitrogen and the other with hydrogen. Both contain enough gas so that P3 = 80kPa.(a) What is the difference between the pressures in the two thermometers if both bulbs are in boiling water?(b) Which gas is at higher pressure?
Suppose the temperature of a gas is 373.15 K when it is at the boiling point of water. What then is the limiting value of the ratio of the pressure of the gas at that boiling point to its pressure at the triple point of water? (Assume the volume of the gas is the same at both temperatures.)
(a) In 1964, the temperature in the Siberian village of Oymyakon reached – 71oC. What temperature is this on the Fahrenheit scale?(b) The highest officially recorded temperature in the continental United States was 134oF in Death Valley, California. What is this temperature on the Celsius scale?
At what temperature is the Fahrenheit scale reading equal to?(a) Twice that of the Celsius scale and(b) Half that of the Celsius scale?
On a linear X temperature scale, water freezes at – 125.0oX and boils at 375.0oX. On a linear Y temperature scale, water freezes at – 70.00oY and boils at – 30.00oY. A temperature of 50.00oY corresponds to what temperature on the X scale?
Suppose that on a linear temperature scale X, water boils at – 53.5oX and freezes at – 170oX. What is a temperature of 340 K on the X scale? (Approximate water's boiling point as 373 K)
An aluminum flagpole is 33 m high. By how much does its length increase as the temperature increases by 15 Co?
Find the change in volume of an aluminum sphere with an initial radius of 10 cm when the sphere is heated from 0.0oc to 100oc.
An aluminum-alloy rod has a length of 10.000 cm at 20.000oC and a length of 10.015 cm at the boiling point of water.(a) What is the length of the rod at the freezing point of water?(b) What is the temperature if the length of the rod is 10.009 cm?
A circular hole in an aluminum plate is 2.725 cm in diameter at 0.000oC. What is its diameter when the temperature of the plate is raised to 100.0oC?
At 20oC, a brass cube has an edge length of 30 cm. What is the increase in the cube's surface area when it is heated from 20oC to75oC?
What is the volume of a lead ball at 30.00oC if the ball's volume at 60.00oC is 50.00 cm3?
When the temperature of a metal cylinder is raised from 0.0oC to 100oC, its length increases by 0.23%(a) Find the percent change in density.(b) What is the metal? Use Table I8-2.
An aluminum cup of 100 cm3 capacity is completely filled with glycerin at 22oC. How much glycerin, if any, will spill out of the cup if the temperature of both the cup and the glycerin is increased to 28oC? (The coefficient of volume expansion of glycerin is 5.1 x 10-4/Co.)
At 20oC, a rod is exactly 20.05 cm long on a steel ruler. Both the rod and the ruler are placed in an oven at 270C, where the rod now measures 20.11 cm on the same ruler. What is the coefficient of linear expansion for the material of which the rod is made?
A steel rod is 3.000 cm in diameter at 25.00oC. A brass ring has an interior diameter of 2.992cm at 25.00oC. At what common temperature will the ring just slide onto the rod?
When the temperature of a copper coin is raised by 100 Co, its diameter increases by 0.18% to two significant figures, give the percent increase in (a) The area of a face,(b) The thickness,(c) The volume, and(d) The mass of the coin.(e) Calculate the coefficient of linear expansion of the coin.
A vertical glass tube of length L = L.280 000 m is half filled with a liquid at 20.000 000oC. How much will the height of the liquid column change when the tube is heated to 30.000 000oC? Take aglass = 1000 000 x 10-5/K and β liquid = 4.000 000 x 10-5/K.
In a certain experiment, a small radioactive source must move at selected, extremely slow speeds. This motion is accomplished by fastening the source to one end of an aluminum rod and heating the central section of the rod in a controlled way. If the effective heated section of the rod in Figure
As a result of a temperature rise of 32 Co, a bar with a crack at its center buckles upward (Figure). If the fixed distance L0is 3.77 m and the coefficient of linear expansion of the bar is 25 x 10-6|Co, find the rise x of the center.
A certain substance has a mass per mole of 50.0 g/mol. When 314 J is added as heat to a 30.0 g sample, the sample's temperature rises from 25 .0oC to 45.0oC. What are the (a) Specific heat and(b) Molar specific heat of this substance?(c) How many moles are present?
A certain diet doctor encourages people to diet by drinking ice water. His theory is that the body must burn off enough fat to raise the temperature of the water from 0.00oC to the body temperature of 37.0oC. How many liters of ice water would have to be consumed to burn off 454 g (about 1 lb) of
How much water remains unfrozen after 50.2 kJ is transferred as heat from 260 g of liquid water initially at its freezing point?
Calculate the minimum amount of energy, in joules, required to completely melt 130 g of silver initially at 15.0oC.
One way to keep the contents of a garage from becoming too cold on a night when a severe subfreezing temperature is forecast is to put a tub of water in the garage. If the mass of the water is 125 kg and its initial temperature is 20oC.(a) How much energy must the water transfer to its surroundings
A small electric immersion heater is used to heat 100 g of water for a cup of instant coffee. The heater is labeled "200 watts" (it converts electrical energy to thermal energy at this rate). Calculate the time required to bring all this water from 23.0oC to 100oC, ignoring any heat losses.
What mass of butter, which has a usable energy content of 6.0 Cal/g (= 6000 cal/g), would be equivalent to the change in gravitational potential energy of a73.0 kg man who ascends from sea level to the top of Mt. Everest, at elevation 8.84 km? Assume that the average g for the ascent is 9.80 m/s2.
What mass of steam at 100oC must be mixed with 150 g of ice at its melting point, in a thermally insulated container, to produce liquid water at 50oC?
A 150 g copper bowl contains 220 g of water, both at 20.0oC. A very hot 300 g copper cylinder is dropped into the water, causing the water to boil, with 5.00 g being converted to steam. The final temperature of the system is 100oC. Neglect energy transfers with the environment. (a) How much energy
Non-metric version; (a) How long does a 2.0 x 105 Btu/h water heater take to raise the temperature of 40 gal of water from 70oF to 100oF? Metric version: (b) How long does a 59 kW water heater take to raise the temperature of 150 L of water from 21oC to 38oC?
Samples A and B are at different initial temperatures when they are placed in a thermally insulated container and allowed to come to thermal equilibrium. Figure a gives their temperatures Z versus time t. Sample A has a mass of 5.0 kg; sample B has a mass of 1.5 kg. Figure b is a general plot for
In a solar water heater, energy from the Sun is gathered by water that circulates through tubes in a rooftop collector. The solar radiation enters the collector through a transparent cover and warms the water in the tubes; this water is pumped into a holding tank. Assume that the efficiency of the
A 0.400 kg sample is placed in a cooling apparatus that removes energy as heat at a constant rate. Figure gives the temperature T of the sample versus time t; the horizontal scale is set by ts = 80.0 min. The sample freezes during the energy removal. The specific heat of the sample in its initial
An insulated Thermos contains 130 cm3 of hot coffee at 80.0oC. You put in a 12.0 g ice cube at its melting point to cool the coffee. By how many degrees has your coffee cooled once the ice has melted and equilibrium is reached? Treat the coffee as though it were pure water and neglect energy
A 0.530 kg sample of liquid water and a sample of ice are placed in a thermally insulated container. The container also contains a device that transfers energy as heat from the liquid water to the ice at a constant rate P, until thermal equilibrium is reached. The temperatures T of the liquid water
Ethyl alcohol has a boiling point of 78.0oC, t freezing point of – 114oC, a heat of vaporization of 879kJ/kg, a heat of fusion of 109kJ/kg, and a specific heat of 2.43 kJ/kg ∙ K. How much energy must be removed from 0.510 kg of ethyl alcohol that is initially a gas at 78.0'C so that it
The specific heat of a substance varies with temperature according to c = 0.20 + 0.14T + 0.023T2, with T in oC and c in cal/g ∙ K. Find the energy required to raise the temperature of 2.0 g of this substance from 5.0oC to 15oC.
A person makes a quantity of iced tea by mixing 500 g of hot tea (essentially water) with an equal mass of ice at its melting point. Assume the mixture has negligible energy exchanges with its environment. If the tea's initial temperature is Ti = 90oC, when thermal equilibrium is reached what
Icicles Liquid water coats an active (growing) icicle and extends up a short, narrow tube along the central axis (Figure). Because the water€“ice interface must have a temperature of 0o'C, the water in the tube cannot lose energy through the sides of the icicle or down through the tip
(a) Two 50 g ice cubes are dropped into 200 g of water in a thermally insulated container. If the water is initially at 25oC, and the ice comes directly from a freezer at – 15oC, what is the final temperature at thermal equilibrium? (b) What is the final temperature if only one ice cube is used?
A 20.0 g copper ring at 0.000oC has an inner diameter of D = 2.54000 cm. An aluminum sphere at 100.0oC has a diameter of d = 2.545 08 cm. The sphere is placed on top of the ring (Figure), and the two are allowed to come to thermal equilibrium, with no heat lost to the surroundings. The sphere just
A gas within a closed chamber undergoes the cycle shown in the p-V diagram of Figure. The horizontal scale is set by Vs = 4.0 m3. Calculate the net energy added to the system as heat during one complete cycle.
Suppose 200 J of work is done on a system and 70.0 cal is extracted from the system as heat. In the sense of the first law of thermodynamics, what are the values (including algebraic signs) of (a) W, (b) Q, and (c) ΔEint.?
In Figure a gas sample expands from V0 to 4.0V0 while its pressure decreases from p0 to p0/4.0. If V0 = 1.0 m3 and P0 = 40 Pa, how much work is done by the gas if its pressure changes with volume via(a) Path A,(b) Path B, and(c) PathC?
A thermodynamic system is taken from state A to state B to state C., and then back to A, as shown in the p-V diagram of Figure a. The vertical scale is set by ps = 40Pa, and the horizontal scale is set by Vs = 4.0 m3.(a) ?? (g) Complete the table in Figure b by inserting a plus sign, a minus sign,
Figure displays a closed cycle for a gas (the figure is not drawn to scale). The change in the internal energy of the gas as it moves from a to c along the path abc is €“ 200 J. As it moves from c to d, 180 J must be transferred to it as heat. An additional transfer of 80 J to it as heat
A sample of gas is taken through cycle abca shown in the p-V diagram of Figure. The net work done is + 1.2J. Along path ab, the change in the internal energy is + 3.0 J and the magnitude of the work done is 5.0 J. Along path ca, the energy transferred to the gas as heat is +2.5 J. How much energy
When a system is taken from state i to state f along path iaf in Figure Q = 50 cal and W - 20 cal. Along path ibf, Q = 36 cal.(a) What is W along path ibf?(b) If W = -13 cal for the return path fi, what is Q for this path?(c) If Eint,i = 10 cal, what is Eint,f? If Eint,b = 22 cal, what is Q for(d)
Gas within a chamber passes through the cycle shown in Figure. Determine the energy transferred by the system as heat during process CA it the energy added as heat QAB during process AB is 20.0 J, no energy is transferred as heat during process BC, and the net work done during the cycle is 15.0J.
Consider the slab shown in Figure. Suppose that L = 25.0cm, A = 90.0 cm2, and the material is copper. If TH = 125oC, Tc = 10.0oC, and a steady state is reached, find the conduction rate through the slab.
If you were to walk briefly in space without a spacesuit while far from the Sun (as an astronaut does in the movie 2001, A Space Odyssey), you would feel the cold of space-while you radiated energy, you would absorb almost none from your environment. (a) At what rate would you lose energy? (b) How
A cylindrical copper rod of length 1.2 m and cross-sectional area 4.8 cm2 is insulated to prevent heat loss through its surface. The ends are maintained at a temperature difference of 100 Co by having one end in a water-ice mixture and the other in a mixture of boiling water and steam. (a) At what
The ceiling of a single-family dwelling in a cold climate should have an R-value of 30. To give such insulation, how thick would a layer of (a) Polyurethane foam and (b) Silver has to be?
A sphere of radius 0.500 m, temperature 27.0oC, and emissivity 0.850 is located in an environment of temperature 77.0oC.At what rate does the sphere? (a) Emit and (b) Absorb thermal radiation?(c) What is the sphere's net rate of energy exchange?
A solid cylinder of radius r1 = 2.5cm, length h1 = 5.0 cm, emissivity 0.85, and temperature 30oC is suspended in an environment of temperature 50oC. (a) What is the cylinder's net thermal radiation transfer rate P1?(b) If the cylinder is stretched until its radius r2 = 0.50 cm, its net thermal
In Figure a two identical rectangular rods of metal are welded end to end, with temperature of T1 = 0oC on the left side and a temperature of T2 = 100oC on the right side. In 2.0 min, 10J is conducted at a constant rate from the right side to the left side. How much time would be required to
Figure shows the cross n of a wall made of three layers. The thicknesses of the layers are L1, L2= 0.700 L1and L2= 0.350L1. The thermal conductivities are k1, k2= 0.900k1, and k3= 0.800k1. The temperatures at the left and right sides of the wall are TH= 30.0oC and TC = €“15.0oC,
(a) What is the rate of energy loss in watts per square meter through a glass window 3.0 mm thick if the outside temperature is – 20oF and the inside temperature is f 72oF? (b) A storm window having the same thickness of glass is installed parallel to the first window, with an air gap of 7.5 cm
The giant hornet Vespa mandarinia japonica preys on Japanese bees. However, if one of the hornets attempts to invade a beehive, several hundred of the bees quickly form a compact ball around the hornet to stop it. They don't sting, bite, crush, or suffocate it. Rather they over heat by quickly
Figure shows (in cross section) a wall consisting of four layers, with thermal conductivities k1 = 0.060 W/m ? K, k3 = 0.040 Wm ? K, and k4 = 0.12 Wm ? K (k2 is not known). The layer thicknesses are L1 = 1.5 cm, L3 = 2.8 cm, and L4 = 3.5 cm (L2 is not known). The known temperatures are T1 = 30oC,
Penguin huddling to withstand the harsh weather of the Antarctic, emperor penguins huddles in groups (Figure) assume that a penguin is a circular cylinder with a top surface area a = 0.34 m2 and height h = 1.1 m. Let Pr be the rate at which an individual penguin radiates energy to the environment
Ice has formed on a shallow pond, and a steady state has been reached, with the air above the ice at – 5.0oC and the bottom of the pond at 4.0oC. If the total depth of ice + water rs 1.4 m, how thick is the ice (Assume that the thermal conductivities of ice and water are 0.40 and 0.12 cal/m
Leiden frost effect a water drop that is slung onto a skillet with a temperature between 100oC and about 200oC will last about 1 s. However, if the skillet is much hotter, the drop can last several minutes, an effect named after an early investigator. The longer life time is due to the support of a
A tank of water has been outdoors in cold weather, and a slab of ice 5.0 cm thick has formed on its surface (Figure). The air above the ice is at ?? 10oC. Calculate the rate of ice formation (in centimeters per hour) on the ice slab. Take the thermal conductivity of ice to be 0.0040 cal/s ? cm ? Co
Evaporative cooling of beverages a cold beverage can be kept cold even on a warm day if it is slipped into a porous ceramic container that has been soaked in water. Assume that energy lost to evaporation matches the net energy gained via the radiation exchange through the top and side surfaces. The
In the extrusion of cold chocolate from a tube, work is done on the chocolate by the pressure applied by a ram forcing the chocolate through the tube. The work per unit mass of extruded chocolate is equal to p/p, where p is the difference between the applied pressure and the pressure where the
In a series of experiments, block B is to be placed in a thermally insulated container with block A, which has the same mass as block B. In each experiment, block B is initially at a certain temperature TB, but temperature TA of block A is changed from experiment to experiment. Let Tf represent the
A 0.300 kg sample is placed in a cooling apparatus that removes energy as heat at a constant rate of 2.81 W. Figure gives the temperature Z of the sample versus time t. The temperature scale is set by Ts = 30oC and the time scale is set by ts = 20 min. What is the specific heat of thesample?
Calculate the specific heat of a metal from the following data. A container made of the metal has a mass of 3.6 kg and contains 14 kg of water. A 1.8 kg piece of the metal initially at a temperature of 180oC is dropped into the water. The container and water initially have a temperature of 16.0oC,
What is the volume increase of an aluminum cube 5.00 cm on an edge when heated from 10.0oC to 60.0oC?
A copper rod, an aluminum rod, and a brass rod, each of 6.00 m length and 1.00 cm diameter, are placed end to end with the aluminum rod between the other two. The free end of the copper rod is maintained at water's boiling point, and the free end of the brass rod is maintained at water's freezing
A sample of gas undergoes a transition from an initial state a to a final state b by three different paths (processes), as shown in the p-V diagram in Figure where Vb = 5.00Vi. The energy transferred to the gas as heat in process 1 is 10pi Vi. In terms of piVi, what are?(a) The energy transferred
The average rate at which energy is conducted outward through the ground surface in North America is 54.0mW/m2, and the average thermal conductivity of the near-surface rocks is 2.50 W/m ∙ K. Assuming a surface temperature of 10.0oC, find the temperature at a depth of 35.0 km (near the base
The temperature of a Pyrex disk is changed from 10.0oC to 60.0oC. Its initial radius is 8.00 cm; its initial thickness is 0.500 cm. Take these data as being exact. What is the change in the volume of the disk? (See Table 18-2)
In a certain solar house, energy from the Sun is stored in barrels filled with water. In a particular winter stretch of five cloudy days, 1.00 x 106 kcal is needed to maintain the inside of the house at 22.0oC. Assuming that the water in the barrels is at 50.0oC and that the water has a density of
A sample of gas expands from an initial pressure and volume of 10 Pa and 1.0 m3 to a final volume of 2.0 m3. During the expansion, the pressure and volume are related by the equation p = aV2, where a = 10 N/m8. Determine the work done by the gas during this expansion.
(a) Calculate the rate at which body heat is conducted through the clothing of a skier in a steady-state process, given the following data: the body surface area is 1.8 m2, and the clothing is 1.0 cm thick; the skin surface temperature is 33oC and the outer surface of the clothing is at 1.0oC; the
Figure displays a closed cycle for a gas. From c to b, 40 J is transferred from the gas as heat. From b to a, 130 J is transferred from the gas as heat, and the magnitude of the work done by the gas is 80 J. From a to c, 400 J is transferred to the gas as heat. What is the work done by the gas from
A glass window pane is exactly 20 cm by 30 cm at 10oC. By how much has its area increased when its temperature is 40oC, assuming that it can expand freely?
A 2.50 kg lump of aluminum is heated to 92.0oC and then dropped into 8.00 kg of water at 5.00oC. Assuming that the lump-water system is thermally isolated, what is the system's equilibrium temperature?
Figure a show a cylinder containing gas and closed by a movable piston. The cylinder is kept submerged in an ice-water mixture. The piston ts quickly pushed down from position 1 to position 2 and then held at position 2 until the gas is again at the temperature of the ice-water mixture; it then rs
The temperature of a 0.700 kg cube of ice is decreased to – 150oC. Then energy is gradually transferred to the cube as heat while it is otherwise thermally isolated from its environment. The total transfer is 0.6993 MJ. Assume the value of c ice given in Table 18-3 is valid for temperatures from
A steel rod at 25.0oC is bolted at both ends and then cooled. At what temperature will it rupture? Use Table 12-1.
Suppose that you intercept 5.0 x 10-3 of the energy radiated by a hot sphere that has a radius of 0.020 m, an emissivity of 0.80, and a surface temperature of 500 K. How much energy do you intercept in 2.0 min?
Three equal-length straight rods, of aluminum, Invar, and steel, all at 20.0C, form an equilateral triangle with hinge pins at the vertices. At what temperature will the angle opposite the Invar rod be 59.95o? See Appendix E for needed trigonometric formulas and Table 18-2 for needed data.
It is possible to melt ice by rubbing one block of it against another. How much work, in joules, would you have to do to get 1.00 g of ice to melt?
A thermometer of mass 0.0550 kg and of specific heat 0.837 kJ/kg ∙ K reads 15.0oC. It is then completely immersed in 0.300 kg of water, and it comes to the same final temperature as the water. If the thermometer then reads 44.4oC, what was the temperature of the water before insertion of the
A recruit can join the semi-secret "300 F" club at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station only when the outside temperature is below – 70oC. On such a day, the recruit first basks in a hot sauna and then runs outside wearing only shoes. (This is, of course, extremely dangerous, but the rite is
A rectangular plate of glass initially has the dimensions 0.200 m by 0.300 m. The coefficient of linear expansion for the glass is 9.00 x 10-6/K. What is the change in the plate's area if its temperature is increased by 20.0 K?
An athlete needs to lose weight and decides to do it by "pumping iron." (a) How many times must an 80.0 kg weight is lifted a distance of 1.00 m in order to burn off 1.00 lb of fat, assuming that that much fat is equivalent to 3500 Cal? (b) If the weight is lifted once every 2.00 s, how long does
Icebergs in the North Atlantic present hazards to shipping, causing the lengths of shipping routes to be increased by about 30% during the iceberg season. Attempts to destroy icebergs include planting explosives, bombing, torpedoing, shelling, ramming, and coating with black soot. Suppose that
A sample of gas expands from V1 = 1.0 m3 and P1 = 40 Pa to V2 = 4.0 m3 and P2 = 10 Pa along path B in the p-V diagram in Figure. It is then compressed back to V1 along either path A or path C. Compute the net work done by the gas for the complete cycle along(a) Path BA and(b) PathBC.
Soon after Earth was formed, heat released by the decay of radioactive elements raised the average internal temperature from 300 to 3000 K, at about which value it remains today. Assuming an average coefficient of volume expansion of 3.0 x 10-5 K-1, by how much has the radius of Earth increased
Figure displays a closed cycle for a gas. The change in internal energy along path ca is ?? 160 J. The energy transferred to the gas as heat is 200 J along path ab, and 40 J along path bc. How much work is done by the gas along?(a) Path abc and(b) Pathab?

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