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biostatistics

Biostatistics For The Biological And Health Sciences 2nd Edition Marc Triola, Mario Triola, Jason Roy - Solutions

Conductor Life Span A New York Times article noted that the mean life span for 35 male symphony conductors was 73.4 years, in contrast to the mean of 69.5 years for males in the general population. Assuming that the 35 males have life spans with a standard deviation of 8.7 years, use a 0.05
Is the Diet Practical? When 40 people used the Weight Watchers diet for one year, their mean weight loss was 3.0 lb and the standard deviation was 4.9 lb (based on data from “Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone Diets for Weight Loss and Heart Disease Reduction,” by
Insomnia Treatment A clinical trial was conducted to test the effectiveness of the drug zopiclone for treating insomnia in older subjects. Before treatment with zopiclone, 16 subjects had a mean wake time of 102.8 min. After treatment with zopiclone, the 16 subjects had a mean wake time of 98.9 min
Garlic for Reducing Cholesterol In a test of the effectiveness of garlic for lowering cholesterol, 49 subjects were treated with raw garlic. Cholesterol levels were measured before and after the treatment. The changes (before minus after) in their levels of low-density lipoprotein(LDL) cholesterol
Birth Weight Data Set 1 “Body Data” in Appendix B includes birth weights of 195 males, and the summary statistics are x = 3272.8 g and s = 660.2 g. Use a 0.01 significance level to test the claim that the population of birth weights of males is less than 3400 g.
Birth Weight Data Set 3 “Births” in Appendix B includes birth weights of 205 females, and the summary statistics are x = 3037.1 g and s = 706.3 g. Use a 0.01 significance level to test the claim that the population of birth weights of females is greater than 3000 g.
Platelets Data Set 1 “Body Data” in Appendix B includes platelet counts (1000 cells>mL)measured from 153 adult males. In testing the claim that the population of adult males has a mean platelet count greater than 220, the accompanying Minitab display is obtained.
Platelets Data Set 1 “Body Data” in Appendix B includes platelet counts (1000 cells>mL)measured from 147 adult females. In testing the claim that the population of adult females has a mean platelet count less than 270, the accompanying Statdisk display is obtained by assuming a 0.05
Body Temperatures Data Set 2 “Body Temperatures” in Appendix B includes 70 body temperatures measured at 8 AM on day 2 of a study, and the accompanying JMP display results from using those data to test the claim that the mean body temperature is equal to 98.6oF. Conduct the hypothesis test
Body Temperatures Data Set 2 “Body Temperatures” in Appendix B includes 38 body temperatures measured at 8 AM on day 1 of a study, and the accompanying XLSTAT display results from using those data to test the claim that the mean body temperature is equal to 98.6F. Conduct the hypothesis test
Platelets The claim is that for the population of adult males, the mean platelet count is m 7 210.The sample size is n = 53 and the test statistic is t = 1.368.
Platelets The claim is that for the population of adult females, the mean platelet count is m 6 300.The sample size is n = 15 and the test statistic is t = -0.666.
Body Temperature Data Set 2 “Body Temperatures” in Appendix B includes measured human body temperatures with these statistics for 12 AM on day 1: n = 93, x = 98.12F, s = 0.65F. In testing the claim that the mean body temperature is 98.6F, the test statistic t = -7.122 is obtained.
Body Temperature The claim is that for 12 AM body temperatures, the mean is m 6 98.6F. The sample size is n = 4 and the test statistic is t = -2.503.
Confidence Interval Assume that we will use the sample data from Exercise 1 “Alcohol Use and Video Games” with a 0.05 significance level in a test of the claim that the population mean is greater than 90 sec. If we want to construct a confidence interval to be used for testing that claim, what
t Test Exercise 2 refers to a t test. What is a t test? Why is the letter t used?
df If we are using the sample data from Exercise 1 for a t test of the claim that the population mean is greater than 90 sec, what does df denote, and what is its value?
Alcohol Use and Video Games: Checking Requirements Twelve different video games showing alcohol use were observed. The duration times of alcohol use were recorded, with the times (seconds) listed below (based on data from “Content and Ratings of Teen-Rated Video Games,” by Haninger and
Power For a hypothesis test with a specified significance levela, the probability of a type I error isa, whereas the probability b of a type II error depends on the particular value of p that is used as an alternative to the null hypothesis.a. Using an alternative hypothesis of p 6 0.4, using a
Using Confidence Intervals to Test Hypotheses When analyzing the last digits of telephone numbers of hospital patients, it is found that among 1000 randomly selected digits, 119 are zeros. If the digits are randomly selected, the proportion of zeros should be 0.1.a. Use the critical value method
Medication Usage In a survey of 3005 adults aged 57 through 85 years, it was found that 81.7% of them used at least one prescription medication (based on data from “Use of Prescription and Over-the-Counter Medications and Dietary Supplements Among Older Adults in the United States,” by Qato et
Smoking Stopped In a program designed to help patients stop smoking, 198 patients were given sustained care, and 82.8% of them were no longer smoking after one month (based on data from “Sustained Care Intervention and Postdischarge Smoking Cessation Among Hospitalized Adults,” by Rigotti et
Postponing Death An interesting and popular hypothesis is that individuals can temporarily postpone death to survive a major holiday or important event such as a birthday. In a study, it was found that there were 6062 deaths in the week before Thanksgiving, and 5938 deaths the week after
Testing Effectiveness of Nicotine Patches In one study of smokers who tried to quit smoking with nicotine patch therapy, 39 were smoking one year after the treatment and 32 were not smoking one year after the treatment (based on data from “High-Dose Nicotine Patch Therapy,” by Dale et al.,
Lie Detectors Trials in an experiment with a polygraph yield 98 results that include 24 cases of wrong results and 74 cases of correct results (based on data from experiments conducted by researchers Charles R. Honts of Boise State University and Gordon H. Barland of the Department of Defense
Cell Phones and Cancer In a study of 420,095 Danish cell phone users, 135 subjects developed cancer of the brain or nervous system (based on data from the Journal of the National Cancer Institute as reported in USA Today). Test the claim of a somewhat common belief that such cancers are affected by
Touch Therapy Repeat the preceding exercise using a 0.01 significance level. Does the conclusion change?Testing Claims About Proportions. In Exercises 9–28, test the given claim. Identify the null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, test statistic, P-value, or critical value(s), then state the
Touch Therapy When she was 9 years of age, Emily Rosa did a science fair experiment in which she tested professional touch therapists to see if they could sense her energy field. She flipped a coin to select either her right hand or her left hand, and then she asked the therapists to identify the
Predicting Gender of Baby In the same study cited in the preceding exercise, 45 of the pregnant women had more than 12 years of education, and 32 of them made correct predictions.Use these results to test the claim that women with more than 12 years of education have a proportion of correct
Predicting Gender of Baby A study addressed the issue of whether pregnant women can correctly guess the gender of their baby. Among 104 recruited subjects, 55% correctly guessed the gender of the baby (based on data from “Are Women Carrying ‘Basketballs’ Really Having Boys? Testing Pregnancy
Mendelian Genetics When Mendel conducted his famous genetics experiments with peas, one sample of offspring consisted of 428 green peas and 152 yellow peas. Use a 0.01 significance level to test Mendel’s claim that under the same circumstances, 25% of offspring peas will be yellow. What can we
Births A random sample of 860 births in New York State included 426 boys. Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that 51.2% of newborn babies are boys. Do the results support the belief that 51.2% of newborn babies are boys?Testing Claims About Proportions. In Exercises 9–28, test the
Drug Screening The company Drug Test Success provides a “1-Panel-THC” test for marijuana usage. Among 300 tested subjects, results from 27 subjects were wrong (either a false positive or a false negative). Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that less than 10% of the test results
Survey Return Rate In a study of cell phone use and brain hemispheric dominance, an Internet survey was e-mailed to 5000 subjects randomly selected from an online group involved with ears. 717 surveys were returned. Use a 0.01 significance level to test the claim that the return rate is less than
Medical Malpractice In a study of 1228 randomly selected medical malpractice lawsuits, it was found that 856 of them were dropped or dismissed (based on data from the Physicians Insurers Association of America). Use a 0.01 significance level to test the claim that most medical malpractice lawsuits
OxyContin The drug OxyContin (oxycodone) is used to treat pain, but it is dangerous because it is addictive and can be lethal. In clinical trials, 227 subjects were treated with OxyContin and 52 of them developed nausea (based on data from Purdue Pharma L.P.). Use a 0.05 significance level to test
Clinical Trial of Tamiflu Clinical trials involved treating flu patients with Tamiflu (oseltamivir phosphate), which is a medicine intended to attack the influenza virus and stop it from causing flu symptoms. Among 724 patients treated with Tamiflu, 72 experienced nausea as an adverse reaction. Use
Stem Cell Survey Adults were randomly selected for a Newsweek poll. They were asked if they “favor or oppose using federal tax dollars to fund medical research using stem cells obtained from human embryos.” Of those polled, 481 were in favor, 401 were opposed, and 120 were unsure. A politician
Eliquis The drug Eliquis (apixaban) is used to help prevent blood clots in certain patients.In clinical trials, among 5924 patients treated with Eliquis, 153 developed the adverse reaction of nausea (based on data from Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.). Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that
Gender Selection The Genetics & IVF Institute conducted a clinical trial of the YSORT method designed to increase the probability of conceiving a boy. 291 babies were born to parents using the YSORT method, and 239 of them were boys. Use a 0.01 significance level to test the claim that the YSORT
Biometric Security In a USA Today survey of 510 people, 53% said that we should replace passwords with biometric security, such as fingerprints. The accompanying Statdisk display results from a test of the claim that half of us say that we should replace passwords with biometric security.Using
Hygiene A KRC Research poll of 1020 randomly selected adults showed that 65% of them wash their hands after touching an animal. The following Minitab display results from a test of the claim that 67% of adults wash their hands after touching an animal.Using Technology. In Exercises 5–8, identify
Self-Driving Vehicles In a TE Connectivity survey of 1000 adults, 29% said that they would feel comfortable in a self-driving vehicle. The accompanying StatCrunch display results from testing the claim that more than 1>4 of adults feel comfortable in a self-driving vehicle.Using Technology. In
Adverse Reactions to Drug The drug Lipitor (atorvastatin) is used to treat high cholesterol.In a clinical trial of Lipitor, 47 of 863 treated subjects experienced headaches (based on data from Pfizer). The accompanying TI-83>84 Plus calculator display shows results from a test of the claim that
Requirements and Conclusionsa. Are any of the three requirements violated? Can the methods of this section be used to test the claim?b. It was stated that we can easily remember how to interpret P-values with this: “If the P is low, the null must go.” What does this mean?c. Another memory trick
Equivalence of Methods If we use the same significance level to conduct the hypothesis test using the P-value method, the critical value method, and a confidence interval, which method is not equivalent to the other two?
Null and Alternative Hypotheses Identify the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis.
Number and Proportiona. Identify the actual number of respondents who answered yes.b. Identify the sample proportion and the symbol used to represent it.
Finding Sample Size to Achieve Power Researchers plan to conduct a test of a gender selection method. They plan to use the alternative hypothesis of H1: p 7 0.5 and a significance level of a = 0.05. Find the sample size required to achieve at least 80% power in detecting an increase in p from 0.50
Interpreting Power Chantix (varenicline) tablets are used as an aid to help people stop smoking. In a clinical trial, 129 subjects were treated with Chantix twice a day for 12 weeks, and 16 subjects experienced abdominal pain (based on data from Pfizer, Inc.). If someone claims that more than 8% of
The proportion of people who require no vision correction is less than 0.25. Type I and Type II Errors. In Exercises 29–32, provide statements that identify the typeI error and the type II error that correspond to the given claim. (Although conclusions are usually expressed in verbal form, the
The proportion of adults who use the Internet is greater than 0.87. Type I and Type II Errors. In Exercises 29–32, provide statements that identify the typeI error and the type II error that correspond to the given claim. (Although conclusions are usually expressed in verbal form, the answers
The proportion of people with blue eyes is equal to 0.35. Type I and Type II Errors. In Exercises 29–32, provide statements that identify the typeI error and the type II error that correspond to the given claim. (Although conclusions are usually expressed in verbal form, the answers here can be
The proportion of people who write with their left hand is equal to 0.1. Type I and Type II Errors. In Exercises 29–32, provide statements that identify the typeI error and the type II error that correspond to the given claim. (Although conclusions are usually expressed in verbal form, the
Original claim: The standard deviation of pulse rates of adult males is more than 11 bpm.The hypothesis test results in a P-value of 0.3045. Final Conclusions. In Exercises 25–28, use a significance level of A 0.05 and use the given information for the following:a. State a conclusion about the
Original claim: The mean pulse rate (in beats per minute) of adult males is 72 bpm. The hypothesis test results in a P-value of 0.0095. Final Conclusions. In Exercises 25–28, use a significance level of A 0.05 and use the given information for the following:a. State a conclusion about the null
Original claim: Fewer than 90% of nurses have a cell phone. The hypothesis test results in a P-value of 0.0003. Final Conclusions. In Exercises 25–28, use a significance level of A 0.05 and use the given information for the following:a. State a conclusion about the null hypothesis. (Reject H0
Original claim: More than 70% of adults do not have hypertension. The hypothesis test results in a P-value of 0.2678. Final Conclusions. In Exercises 25–28, use a significance level of A 0.05 and use the given information for the following:a. State a conclusion about the null hypothesis.
Exercise 20 Critical Values. In Exercises 21–24, refer to the information in the given exercise and do the following.a. Find the critical value(s).b. Using a significance level of a = 0.05, should we reject H0 or should we fail to reject H0?
Exercise 19 Critical Values. In Exercises 21–24, refer to the information in the given exercise and do the following.a. Find the critical value(s).b. Using a significance level of a = 0.05, should we reject H0 or should we fail to reject H0?
Exercise 18 Critical Values. In Exercises 21–24, refer to the information in the given exercise and do the following.a. Find the critical value(s).b. Using a significance level of a = 0.05, should we reject H0 or should we fail to reject H0?
Exercise 17 Critical Values. In Exercises 21–24, refer to the information in the given exercise and do the following.a. Find the critical value(s).b. Using a significance level of a = 0.05, should we reject H0 or should we fail to reject H0?
The test statistic of z = -1.94 is obtained when testing the claim that p = 3>8. P-Values. In Exercises 17–20, do the following:a. Identify the hypothesis test as being two-tailed, left-tailed, or right-tailed.b. Find the P-value. (See Figure 8-3 on page 344.)c. Using a significance level of a =
The test statistic of z = 2.01 is obtained when testing the claim that p 0.345. P-Values. In Exercises 17–20, do the following:a. Identify the hypothesis test as being two-tailed, left-tailed, or right-tailed.b. Find the P-value. (See Figure 8-3 on page 344.)c. Using a significance level of a =
The test statistic of z = -2.50 is obtained when testing the claim that p 6 0.75. P-Values. In Exercises 17–20, do the following:a. Identify the hypothesis test as being two-tailed, left-tailed, or right-tailed.b. Find the P-value. (See Figure 8-3 on page 344.)c. Using a significance level of a =
The test statistic of z = 1.00 is obtained when testing the claim that p 7 0.3. P-Values. In Exercises 17–20, do the following:a. Identify the hypothesis test as being two-tailed, left-tailed, or right-tailed.b. Find the P-value. (See Figure 8-3 on page 344.)c. Using a significance level of a =
Exercise 8 “Pulse Rates” Test Statistics. In Exercises 13–16, refer to the exercise identified and find the value of the test statistic. (Refer to Table 8-2 on page 342 to select the correct expression for evaluating the test statistic.)
Exercise 7 “Pulse Rates” Test Statistics. In Exercises 13–16, refer to the exercise identified and find the value of the test statistic. (Refer to Table 8-2 on page 342 to select the correct expression for evaluating the test statistic.)
Exercise 6 “Cell Phone” Test Statistics. In Exercises 13–16, refer to the exercise identified and find the value of the test statistic. (Refer to Table 8-2 on page 342 to select the correct expression for evaluating the test statistic.)
Exercise 5 “Hypertension” Test Statistics. In Exercises 13–16, refer to the exercise identified and find the value of the test statistic. (Refer to Table 8-2 on page 342 to select the correct expression for evaluating the test statistic.)
Exercise 8 “Pulse Rates” Conclusions. In Exercises 9–12, refer to the exercise identified. Make subjective estimates to decide whether results are significantly low or significantly high, then state a conclusion about the original claim. For example, if the claim is that a coin favors heads
Exercise 7 “Pulse Rates” Conclusions. In Exercises 9–12, refer to the exercise identified. Make subjective estimates to decide whether results are significantly low or significantly high, then state a conclusion about the original claim. For example, if the claim is that a coin favors heads
Exercise 6 “Cell Phone” Conclusions. In Exercises 9–12, refer to the exercise identified. Make subjective estimates to decide whether results are significantly low or significantly high, then state a conclusion about the original claim. For example, if the claim is that a coin favors heads
Exercise 5 “Hypertension” Conclusions. In Exercises 9–12, refer to the exercise identified. Make subjective estimates to decide whether results are significantly low or significantly high, then state a conclusion about the original claim. For example, if the claim is that a coin favors heads
Pulse Rates Claim: The standard deviation of pulse rates of adult males is more than 11 bpm. For the random sample of 153 adult males in Data Set 1 “Body Data” from Appendix B, the pulse rates have a standard deviation of 11.3 bpm. Identifying H0 and H1. In Exercises 5–8, do the following:
Pulse Rates Claim: The mean pulse rate (in beats per minute, or bpm) of adult males is equal to 69 bpm. For the random sample of 153 adult males in Data Set 1 “Body Data” from Appendix B, the mean pulse rate is 69.6 bpm and the standard deviation is 11.3 bpm. Identifying H0 and H1. In Exercises
Cell Phones Claim: Fewer than 95% of nurses have a cell phone. In a survey of 1128 nurses, 87% said that they have a cell phone. Identifying H0 and H1. In Exercises 5–8, do the following:
Hypertension Claim: Most adults do not have hypertension. When 983 randomly selected adults were tested, it was found that 70.9% of them do not have hypertension.
Interpreting P-value The Ericsson method is one of several methods claimed to increase the likelihood of a baby girl. In a clinical trial, results could be analyzed with a formal hypothesis test with the alternative hypothesis of p 7 0.5, which corresponds to the claim that the method increases the
Mean Height of Men A formal hypothesis test is to be conducted using the claim that the mean height of men is equal to 174.1 cm.a. What is the null hypothesis, and how is it denoted?b. What is the alternative hypothesis, and how is it denoted?c. What are the possible conclusions that can be made
Estimates and Hypothesis Tests Data Set 2 “Body Temperatures” in Appendix B includes sample body temperatures. We could use methods of Chapter 7 for making an estimate, or we could use those values to test the common belief that the mean body temperature is 98.6F. What is the difference
Vitamin C and Aspirin A bottle contains a label stating that it contains Spring Valley pills with 500 mg of vitamin C, and another bottle contains a label stating that it contains Bayer pills with 325 mg of aspirin. When testing claims about the mean contents of the pills, which would have more
10.CI for Proportion In a TE Connectivity survey of 1000 randomly selected adults, 2% said that they “did not know” when asked if they felt comfortable being in a self-driving vehicle.There is a need to construct a 95% confidence interval estimate of the proportion of all adults in the
9.Bootstrap for Aspirin Repeat Exercise 7 using 1000 bootstrap samples. How does the result compare to the confidence interval found in Exercise 7?
8.Aspirina. Use the sample data from Exercise 7 and construct a 95% confidence interval estimate of s.b. Assume that we want almost all of the tablets to contain between 315 mg and 335 mg of aspirin.Find the range, then use the range rule of thumb to estimate the desired standard deviation.c.
7.Aspirin Generic aspirin tablets are supposed to contain 325 mg of aspirin. Listed below are the measured amounts of aspirin (mg) found in randomly selected tablets. Construct a 95%confidence interval estimate of the mean amount of aspirin in tablets. Do these tablets appear to be acceptable?330
6.Sample Size You have been assigned the task of conducting a survey to study prescription medication purchases of adults.a. If you want to estimate the percentage of adults who have purchased prescription medication during the past 30 days, how many adults must you survey if you want 95%
Lefties There have been several studies conducted in an attempt to identify ways in which left-handed people are different from those who are right handed. Assume that you want to estimate the mean IQ of all left-handed adults. How many random left-handed adults must be tested in order to be 99%
Cuckoo Egg Lengths Listed below are lengths (mm) of cuckoo eggs.a. Identify the best point estimate of the population mean m.b. Construct a 95% confidence interval estimate of the mean length of all cuckoo eggs.c. Write a statement that interprets the confidence interval.22.05 22.05 22.05 22.05
Medicare A hospital wants to estimate the percentage of admitted patients who receive Medicare benefits. If we want to estimate that percentage based on examination of randomly selected patient payment records, how many patient records must be examined in order to be 90% confident that we are
Brain Cancer Cluster In a study designed to determine whether there was a cluster of brain cancer cases at a Pratt & Whitney plant, records from 223,000 employees were studied and 723 employees with brain tumors were found. Treat those employees as a random sample and construct a 95% confidence
Which Method? Refer to Exercise 7 and assume that a sample of 12 voltage levels appears to be from a population with a distribution that is substantially far from being normal.Should a 95% confidence interval estimate of s be constructed using the x2 distribution? If not, what other method could be
Critical Value Refer to Exercise 7 and assume that the requirements are satisfied. Find the critical value that would be used for constructing a 95% confidence interval estimate of m using the t distribution.
Degrees of Freedom In general, what does “degrees of freedom” refer to? For the sample data described in Exercise 7, find the number of degrees of freedom, assuming that you want to construct a confidence interval estimate of m using the t distribution.
Requirements A quality control analyst has collected a random sample of 12 batteries used in heart pacemakers and she plans to test their voltage level and construct a 95% confidence interval estimate of the mean voltage level for the population of batteries. What requirements must be satisfied in
Sample Size for Mean Find the sample size required to estimate the mean IQ of surgeons.Assume that we want 98% confidence that the mean from the sample is within three IQ points of the true population mean. Also assume that s = 15.
Sample Size for Proportion Find the sample size required to estimate the percentage of college students who take a statistics course. Assume that we want 95% confidence that the proportion from the sample is within four percentage points of the true population percentage.
Vision Correction From the same survey results cited in Exercise 1 “Vision Correction,” it was reported that 3% of adults correct their vision with surgery, and the margin of error is {1.0 percentage points. Identify the confidence interval.
Critical Value For the survey described in Exercise 1, find the critical value that would be used for constructing a 99% confidence interval estimate of the population proportion.
Interpreting CI Write a brief statement that correctly interprets the confidence interval given in Exercise 1.

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