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business statistics using excel
Introductory Statistics Using SPSS 2nd Edition Herschel Knapp - Solutions
Differentiate between correlation and causation
Understand the criteria for causation: association/correlation, temporality, and nonspurious
Order a regression analysis: correlation and scatterplot with regression line
Verify that the data meet the criteria for running regression and correlation analyses: normality, linearity, and homoscedasticity
Interpret the direction and strength of a correlation
Determine when it is appropriate to run Pearson regression and Spearman correlation analyses
Exercise 7.10 A political consultant wants to judge the impact of a speech. The consultant recruits a group of registered voters and asks them to indicate their voting intentions on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = absolutely will not vote for this candidate, 7 = absolutely will vote for this candidate). Next,
Exercise 7.9 In an effort to discover ways to boost morale, an investigator wants to assess the effects chocolate has on attitude. The researcher recruits a group of participants and has them complete the Acme Attitude Survey (AAS), which renders a score ranging from 0 to 100 (0 = very bad
Exercise 7.8 An herbalist interested in natural remedies wants to assess the effectiveness of the Tutsle root (a fictitious plant) in reducing fever. The investigator recruits a group of patients who have fevers and records the temperature of each person. Next, each participant is given one cup of
Exercise 7.7 Acme Brand allergy medicine claims that its product reduces allergy-related sneezing. To test this claim, you recruit a group of allergy patients who are not currently taking any medications for their allergies and ask them to count the number of times they sneeze per day.The next day,
Exercise 7.6 The administrators of a school want to determine if issuing students laptop computers will enhance their grades. At the beginning of the academic term, each student in a class was issued a laptop computer. At the end of the term, the overall academic performance score (0–100) for
Exercise 7.5 The staff of the Physical Education Department wants to know if providing a single 15-minute individual coaching session with an expert bowler will enhance students’ bowling scores. Each participant will bowl one game, during which time the coach will unobtrusively observe his or her
Exercise 7.4 The staff at a mental health clinic wants to determine if their current form of short-term therapy substantially reduces depression. Prior to treatment, each patient will be asked to complete the Acme Depression Inventory (ADI), which renders a score from 0 to 75 (0 = low depression,
Exercise 7.3 An English teacher recognizes that students already know how to spell some of the words assigned for the weekly spelling test. This teacher wants to discover how many new words students learn. The usual assignment is 25 words per week. At the beginning of the month, the teacher
Exercise 7.2 Prior to a heart health presentation, you administer a survey asking participants to indicate how many times they used the stairs (as opposed to the elevator) in the past week. A week after the lecture, you resurvey the attendees.Data set: Ch 07 - Exercise 02A.sav Codebook Variable: ID
Exercise 7.1 The Acme Company produces Monster Spray, a pleasant fragrance parents can use to help relax children who are afraid of nighttime monsters. A group of parents who use the spray has been recruited to find out how effective the spray is in calming monster-anxious children at bedtime.
Exercise 6.10 You want to find out if music enhances problem solving. Subjects will be recruited and randomly assigned to one of four groups: Those in Group 1 will serve as the control group and will be given a standard 100-piece jigsaw puzzle to solve in a quiet room. Participants in Group 2 will
Exercise 6.9 The Acme Company claims that its new reading lamp increases reading speed; you want to test this. You will record how long (in seconds) it takes for participants to read a 1,000-word essay. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of four groups: Group 1 will be the control group;
Exercise 6.8 It is thought that exercising early in the morning will provide better energy throughout the day. To test this idea, subjects are recruited and randomly assigned to one of three groups: Members of Group 1 will constitute the control group and not be assigned any walking.Members of
Exercise 6.7 In an effort to determine the effectiveness of light therapy to alleviate depression, you recruit a group of subjects who have been diagnosed with depression. The subjects are randomly assigned to one of three groups: Group 1 will be the control group—members of this group will
Exercise 6.6 You want to determine if watching a video of a comedy with a laugh track enhances enjoyment. Subjects will be recruited and randomly assigned to one of three groups: Those in Group 1 (the control group) will watch the video without the laugh track, those assigned to Group 2 will watch
Exercise 6.5 During flu season, the administrators at a walk-in health clinic want to determine if providing patients with a pamphlet or a video will increase their receptivity to flu shots. Each patient will be given a ticket at the check-in desk with a 1, 2, or 3 on it; the tickets will be issued
Exercise 6.4 You want to determine if chocolate enhances mood. Subjects will be recruited and randomly assigned to one of three groups: Those in Group 1 will be the control group and will eat their regular diet. Those in Group 2 will eat their usual meals and have one piece of chocolate at
Exercise 6.3 Clinicians at a nursing home facility want to see if giving residents plants to tend to will help lower depression. To test this idea, each resident is randomly assigned to one of three groups: Group 1, Control group (no plant); Group 2, Bamboo; or Group 3, Cactus. Each plant comes
Exercise 6.2 You want to determine if pairing an incoming freshman with a sophomore in a mentor–mentee relationship will enhance the freshman’s overall grade. You recruit sophomores who are willing to mentor students in their majors for their first terms. You then recruit freshmen who are
Exercise 6.1 You want to determine if meditation can reduce resting pulse rate. Participants were recruited and randomly assigned to one of three groups: Members of Group 1 (the control group) will not meditate; members of Group 2 (the first treatment group) will meditate for 30 minutes per day on
Document the results in plain English
Know when and how to run and interpret the Kruskal-Wallis test
Resolve the hypotheses
Calculate the unique pairs formula
Derive results from the Descriptives and Multiple Comparisons tables
Select an appropriate ANOVA post hoc test: Tukey or Sidak
Order an ANOVA test with graphics
Verify that the data meet the criteria for ANOVA processing: normality, n, and homogeneity of variance
Determine when it is appropriate to run an ANOVA test
Exercise 5.10 You want to find out if music enhances problem solving. Subjects will be recruited and randomly assigned to one of two groups: Those in the control group will be given a standard 100-piece jigsaw puzzle to solve in a quiet room. Participants in the experimental group will be given the
Exercise 5.9 The Acme Company claims that its new reading lamp increases reading speed; you want to test this. You will record how long (in seconds) it takes for subjects to read a 1,000-word essay. Half of the subjects will be randomly assigned to the control group; they will read the essay using
Exercise 5.8 It is thought that exercising early in the morning will provide better energy throughout the day. To test this idea, subjects are recruited and randomly assigned to two groups: For 30 days, members of the experimental group will walk from 7:00 to 7:30 a.m., Monday through Friday;
Exercise 5.7 In an effort to determine the effectiveness of light therapy to alleviate depression, you recruit a group of subjects who have been diagnosed as depressed. The subjects are randomly assigned to one of two groups: The control group will receive no light therapy, and the treatment group
Exercise 5.6 You want to determine if watching a video of a comedy with a laugh track is more enjoyable than watching without it. Subjects will be recruited and randomly assigned to one of two groups: Those in the control group will watch the video without the laugh track, and those assigned to the
Exercise 5.5 During flu season, the administrators at a walk-in health clinic want to determine if providing patients with a pamphlet will increase their receptivity to flu shots. Once escorted to the exam room, patients who had odd-numbered service tickets were given a flu shot information
Exercise 5.4 You want to determine if chocolate enhances mood. Subjects will be recruited and randomly assigned to one of two groups: Those in the control group will eat their regular diet, and those in the experimental group will also eat their usual meals and have one piece of chocolate at
Exercise 5.3 Clinicians at a nursing home facility want to see if giving residents plants to tend to will help lower depression. To test this idea, the residents are randomly assigned to two groups: Each member of the treatment group will be issued a small bamboo plant along with a card detailing
Exercise 5.2 You want to determine if pairing an incoming freshman with a sophomore in a mentor–mentee relationship will enhance the freshman’s overall grade. You recruit sophomores who are willing to mentor students in their majors for their first terms. You then recruit freshmen who are
Exercise 5.1 You want to determine if meditation can reduce resting pulse rate. Participants were recruited and randomly assigned to one of two groups: Members of Group 1 (the control group) did not meditate; members of Group 2 (the treatment group) meditated for 30 minutes per day on Mondays,
Apply techniques for reducing the likelihood of committing Type I and Type II errors?
Understand the implications of Type I and Type II errors
Document the results in plain English
Know when and how to run and interpret the Mann-Whitney U test
Verify that the data meet the criteria for t test processing: normality, n, and homogeneity of variance
Determine when it is appropriate to run a t test
Exercise 4.10 To determine if dancing enhances mood, you recruit 100 voluntary participants. You randomly select 50 and give them seven free dance lessons; the other 50 get no dance lessons. After the seventh class, you administer the Acme Happiness Scale Survey (AHSS) to all 100 individuals; this
Exercise 4.9 The administrator of a two-ward hospital randomly selects one ward wherein the nurses will be assigned to tend to two patients each;nurses in the other ward will tend to four patients each. Over the course of a month, upon discharge, each patient will complete a nursing care
Exercise 4.8 The members of an exercise walking group agree to partake in your study; you randomly give half of the group walking music in a major key, and the others are given walking music in a minor key. Each participant can walk as often and for as long as he or she likes. The participants will
Exercise 4.7 You recruit a group of people who agree to report their total e-mail counts (sent + received) for 30 days. Each participant also completed a survey regarding his or her employment status (full-time, part-time, unemployed).Data set: Ch 04 - Exercise 07.sav Codebook
Exercise 4.6 You stand at a register in a hospital cafeteria; for each patron, you gather two pieces of information: professional role (nurse, doctor, other), as indicated on his or her badge, and the amount of the person’s bill (as shown on the register).Data set: Ch 04 - Exercise 06.sav Codebook
Exercise 4.5 You are interested in finding out how many units students are enrolled in. You conduct a survey of 40 students and record two pieces of information: the degree (level) the students are working on (bachelor’s, master’s, doctorate) and the total number of units they are taking this
Exercise 4.4 You are interested in the length of time it takes for individuals to complete their transaction(s) at an ATM. You use a stopwatch to record your unobtrusive observations and gather two pieces of information on each person: gender and the length of his or her ATM session (in
Exercise 4.3 You want to know if typing proficiency is associated with better spelling skills. You administer a spelling test consisting of 20 words to the students in a classroom. At the bottom of the sheet, there is a question: “Can you type accurately without looking at the keyboard?”Data
Exercise 4.2 While waiting in line to donate blood, donors were asked, “How many times have you donated before?” The researcher recorded their gender and number of prior donations.Data set: Ch 04 - Exercise 02.sav Codebook Variable: gender Definition: Gender Type: Categorical (1 = Female, 2 =
Exercise 4.1 A survey was conducted in Professor Lamm’s class and Professor Milner’s class. The question that students responded to is, “How many siblings do you have?”Data set: Ch 04 - Exercise 01.sav Codebook Variable: class Definition: Class designation Type: Categorical (1 = Prof. Lamm,
Order and interpret descriptive statistics for categorical variables: statistics table, bar chart, and pie chart ?
Order and interpret descriptive statistics for continuous variables: statistics table, histogram with normal curve, and skewed distribution?
Understand central tendency
Comprehend the meaning of each descriptive statistic: number (n), mean (μ), median, mode, standard deviation (SD), variance, minimum, maximum, and range
Exercise 3.10 Codebook Variable: entree_food Definition: Entrée food Type: Categorical (1 = Fish, 2 = Chicken, 3 = Beef, 4 = Vegetarian)Variable: entree_quality Definition: Entrée quality (1 = Poor . . . 10 = Excellent)Type: Continuous Variable: dessert_quality Definition: Dessert quality (1 =
Exercise 3.9 Codebook Variable: blood_type Definition: What is your blood type (respond “?” if you don’t know)?Type: Categorical (1 = A−, 2 = A+, 3 = B−, 4 = B+, 5 = AB−, 6 = AB+, 7 = O−, 8 = O+, 9 = Don’t know)Variable: gender Definition: Gender Type: Categorical (1 = Female, 2 =
Exercise 3.8 Codebook Variable: dogs Definition: I like dogs.Type: Categorical (1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree)Variable: cats Definition: I like cats.Type: Categorical (1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly
Exercise 3.7 Codebook Variable: passport Definition: Do you have a valid passport?Type: Categorical (1 = Yes, 2 = No, 3 = Decline to answer)Variable: fired Definition: Have you ever been fired from a job?Type: Categorical (1 = Yes, 2 = No, 3 = Decline to answer)Variable: er Definition: Have you
Exercise 3.6 Codebook Variable: patient_id Definition: Patient ID number Type: Continuous Variable: age Definition: Patient’s age Type: Continuous Variable: temp Definition: Body temperature (°F)Type: Continuous Variable: flu_shot Definition: Has the patient had a flu shot this season?Type:
Exercise 3.5 Codebook Variable: first_initial Definition: First letter of first name Type: String Variable: last_name Definition: Last name Type: String Variable: siblings Definition: Number of brothers and sisters Type: Continuous Variable: adopted Definition: Are you adopted?Type: Categorical (1
Exercise 3.4 Codebook Variable: employ Definition: Employment status Type: Categorical (1 = Unemployed, 2 = Temporary, 3 = Part-time, 4 = Full-time)Variable: work_hours Definition: Average hours worked per week Type: Continuous Variable: sleep_hours Question: Average sleep hours per day
Exercise 3.3 Codebook Variable: degree Definition: Highest degree completed Type: Categorical (1 = Associate’s, 2 = Bachelor’s, 3 = Master’s, 4 = Doctorate)Variable: pretest Definition: Pretest score Type: Continuous Variable: posttest Definition: Posttest score Type: Continuous
Exercise 3.2 Codebook Variable: id Definition: ID number Type: String Variable: volunteer_hours Definition: Volunteer hours worked per week Type: Continuous
Exercise 3.1 Codebook Variable: enrolled Definition: Currently enrolled in school Type: Categorical (1 = Yes, 2 = No)Variable: units Definition: Number of units the student is enrolled in Type: Continuous Variable: grade Definition: Overall grade Type: Continuous
Interpret and use a codebook to configure variables in SPSS
Use the value label icon to alternate between numeric and label (text) displays
Establish or modify variable definitions on the Variable View screen: name, type, width, decimals, label, values, missing, columns, align, measure, and role
Operate in the two primary views in SPSS: Variable View and Data View
Exercise 2.10 A community tutorial program is recruiting students to participate in free tutoring. Students must live within the school district, be younger than 18 years, and be available 3 days a week from 3:30 to 5:00 p.m. You will use purposive sampling.1. Explain how you would select the
Exercise 2.9 Acme Bus Company has selected you to conduct a survey of their riders. They want data on 50 minors (younger than 18 years) and 100 adults (18 years or older). You will use quota sampling.1. Explain how you would select the sample.2. Explain how you would gather the data.
Exercise 2.8 A learning lab has commissioned you to administer a survey of people with dyslexia. You will use snowball sampling.1. Explain how you would select the sample.2. Explain how you would gather the data.
Exercise 2.7 An amusement park wants to assess how much money its patrons intend to spend at the park today (aside from the price of admission).You will use availability sampling.1. Explain how you would select the sample.2. Explain how you would gather the data
Exercise 2.6 Prior to building a factory in Cityville, Acme Corporation wants to conduct a survey of the residents. They provide you with a list of the addresses covering the 300 blocks of Cityville. You will use area sampling.1. Define the population.2. Define the sample frame.3. Explain how you
Exercise 2.5 A public library wants to determine the research needs of children and adults who access the reference section. You will use stratified sampling.1. Define the population.2. Define the sample frame.3. Explain how you would select the sample.4. Explain how you would gather the data.
Exercise 2.4 An Internet provider has commissioned you to conduct a customer satisfaction survey, providing you with a list of all its subscribers containing their names, phone numbers, and e-mail addresses. You will use systematic sampling.1. Define the population.2. Define the sample frame.3.
Exercise 2.3 A school is considering building a new library, which would involve a 1% tuition increase and take 2 years to complete. The school has selected you to conduct a survey of students to gather opinions regarding funding the new library. You will use simple random sampling.1. Define the
Exercise 2.2 Define the following terms and provide an example for each:1. Population 2. Sample frame 3. Sample 4. Representative sample
Explain the rationale for sampling in terms of:1. Time 2. Cost 3. Feasibility 4. Extrapolation
Understand techniques for detecting and reducing sample bias?
Select an appropriate method to conduct nonprobability sampling: convenience sampling, purposive sampling, quota sampling, snowball sampling
Select an appropriate method to conduct probability sampling: simple random sampling, stratified sampling, proportionate sampling, disproportionate sampling, systematic sampling, area sampling
Derive a representative sample to facilitate external validity
Understand essential sampling terminology: population, sample frame, sample
Comprehend the rationale for sampling: time, cost, feasibility, extrapolation
Exercise 1.10 A manager at the Acme Company Call Center wants to see if running a classic movie on a big screen (with the sound off) will increase the number of calls processed per hour.1. State the research question.2. Identify the control and experimental group(s).3. Explain how you would
Exercise 1.9 Ms. Fractal wants to determine if working with flash cards helps students learn the multiplication table.1. State the research question.2. Identify the control and experimental group(s).3. Explain how you would randomly assign participants to groups.4. State the hypotheses (H0 and
Exercise 1.8 Mr. Reed believes that providing assorted colored pens will prompt his students to write longer essays.1. State the research question.2. Identify the control and experimental group(s).3. Explain how you would randomly assign participants to groups.4. State the hypotheses (H0 and H1).5.
Exercise 1.7 Professor Madrigal has a theory that singing improves memory.1. State the research question.2. Identify the control and experimental group(s).3. Explain how you would randomly assign participants to groups.4. State the hypotheses (H0 and H1).5. Discuss the criteria for accepting or
Exercise 1.6 The Acme Herbal Tea Company advertises that its product is “the tea that relaxes.”1. State the research question.2. Identify the control and experimental group(s).3. Explain how you would randomly assign participants to groups.4. State the hypotheses (H0 and H1).5. Discuss the
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