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fraud examination
Fraud examination 4th edition Steve Albrecht, Chad Albrecht, Conan Albrecht, Mark zimbelma - Solutions
Fraud indicators, or red flags, can be caused by fraud or by legitimate, non-fraud, factors. (True/False)
Unlike other types of fraud, financial statement fraud is usually not concealed and is therefore relatively easy to spot. (True/False)
Nonverbal cues of deception include all of the following except:a. Repetition of the question.b. Dilated pupils.c. Raised chin.d. Decreased foot and leg movements.
A signed statement should include all of the following except:a. A statement that the fraudster knew the conduct was wrong and intended to commit the act.b. The date the fraudster was hired by the company.c. Approximate amount of losses.d. Approximate date of the offense.
Which of the following is not a good thing to do during an interview?a. Conduct the interview in private.b. Establish the purpose of the interview.c. Interview more than one person at once.d. Do not invade body space.
Which of the following is something that an interviewee might do or feel while in the denial phase?a. Insult, harm, or slander.b. Attempt to justify the act.c. Become sad, withdraw, or lose interest.d. Not comprehend what has been said.
Each of the following is a clue that an interviewee is dishonest except:a. Upon repeated accusations, a dishonest person’s denials become more vehement.b. In order to add credibility to false statements, liars request that the interviewer obtain character testimony from other people.c. Liars
Which of the following is a characteristic of a good interview?a. Make the interview as concise as possible.b. The interviewer should announce his or her bias at the outset, because the interviewee will cooperate better when the interviewee knows the type of information the interviewer is
Which of the following reactions frequently involves appearing temporarily stunned, insisting there is some mistake, or not comprehending what has been said?a. Anger.b. Denial.c. Rationalization.d. Depression.e. Acceptance.
Which of the following is the typical sequence of reactions to a crisis?a. Anger, denial, rationalization, depression, acceptance.b. Rationalization, denial, anger, depression, acceptance.c. Denial, anger, rationalization, depression, acceptance.d. Depression, denial, anger, rationalization,
Interviewing is:a. The systematic questioning of individuals who have knowledge of events, people, and evidence involved in a case under investigation.b. The process of answering questions from an interviewer for the purpose of finding a job.c. By far the most common technique used in investigating
Which of the following traits do polygraphs not measure when testing for stress?a. Pulse rate.b. Blood pressure.c. Galvanic skin response.d. Respiration.e. All of the above are traits measured during a polygraph test.
Which of the following honesty testing techniques deals with the study of handwriting for the purpose of character analysis?a. Polygraph.b. Graphology.c. Pencil-and-paper test.d. Voice stress.e. None of the above.
Which of the following is not an inquiry technique that should be used by interviewers?a. Use short questions, confined to one topic.b. Maintain full control of the interview.c. Point out some, but not all, of the circumstantial evidence.d. All of the above are good inquiry techniques in an
Confrontational interviews should usually be conducted when:a. Police decide that the suspect is guilty.b. The examiner is starting the investigation.c. All other investigative procedures have been completed.d. The investigation is taking too long.
Planning for interviews should not involve:a. Judging the guilt of the suspect based on available documents.b. Establishing a location and time for the interview.c. Ascertaining in advance as many facts as possible about the offense.d. Understanding the attitude of the interviewee.
People in the rationalization stage of reaction to a fraud:a. Make great interviewees because they want to punish the suspect.b. Want to give the suspect one more chance.c. Believe without a doubt that the suspect is guilty.d. Have no sympathy for the suspect.
Interviews should not be conducted with:a. Suspects.b. Coworkers.c. Clients.d. Interviews can be conducted with all of the above.
Which of the following is not a method of honesty testing?a. Graphology.b. Voice stress analysis.c. Body language test.d. Pencil-and-paper test.
You and another fraud examiner are debating whether it is ethical to “lie” during an admissions-seeking interview (such as claiming to have compelling evidence of guilt when you don’t) to get a confession. You believe it is okay to lie. Your coworker believes it is unethical and even illegal
Many Internet sites contain honesty tests for screening applicants or existing employees. Most of these sites charge a fee for their services, but they do provide an easy, quick way to test employees. A Web site with a free employment honesty test is http:// testyourself.psychtests.com/testid/2100.
Many universities and private companies offer courses in interviewing techniques. Find an online advertisement for one of these courses. What primary techniques does the course teach?
Using a search engine, find four Web sites that identify different techniques for interviewing. What characteristics or elements are the most recognizable or most distinctive? What are the most common techniques discussed across the Web sites?
The first reaction to crisis is denial. (True/False)
Fraud reports should only list findings that do not negatively impact the company. (True/False)
The interview should always take place at the interviewee’s place of work. (True/False)
The fraud report should include recommendations for disciplinary action. (True/False)
If a suspect continually repeats phrases, words, or your questions, it could be a verbal cue that he or she is lying. (True/False)
Telling a significant lie and getting away with it during an interview is usually very difficult if the interviewer is well trained. (True/False)
Confrontational interviews should always be conducted even if there is no evidence that can be obtained from the suspect. (True/False)
An interviewer should always be sympathetic and respectful during an interview. (True/False)
The general tone of a fraud report should be neither accusatory nor conclusive as to guilt, even if the suspect has confessed his or her involvement in the crime. (True/False)
Interviews during the rationalization stage are often not objective and can be harmful to the potential prosecution efforts. (True/False)
Failure to pass a polygraph test means certain guilt. (True/False)
Paper-and-pencil honesty tests are most frequently used to determine whether someone has committed a crime. (True/False)
Most conversion investigations involve searching public records and other sources to trace:a. Purchases of assets.b. Payments of liabilities.c. Changes in lifestyle.d. Net worth.e. All of the above.
Which of the following is a possible use of conversion-based investigation techniques?a. Searching public records to trace purchases of assets and payments of liabilities.b. Attempting to locate previous spouses’ bank account records.c. Locating significant amounts of money held by related
Conversion investigations focus on how suspects:a. Had opportunities to steal.b. Had motives to commit fraud.c. Spent stolen money.d. Committed the actual theft.
The net worth method is effective:a. As evidence in court.b. To help obtain a confession.c. To conduct an interview of suspects.d. All of the above.
Which of the following laws regulates activities of credit, insurance, and employment investigations?a. Fair Investigation Act of 1980.b. Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1971 and Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of 2003.c. Credit, Insurance, and Employment Investigation Act.d. There is no
How useful are local and county records in fraud investigations?a. Very useful.b. Not useful.c. Somewhat useful.d. Aren’t allowed in the investigation of fraud.
Which of the following organizations maintain public information that can be accessed in record searches?a. Local agencies.b. State agencies.c. Federal agencies.d. All of the above.
The net worth method of analyzing financial information can help to determine:a. The suspect’s feelings about the organization.b. Possible perpetrators of the fraud.c. The suspect’s personality characteristics.d. The amount of embezzled funds.
Evidence gathered from public records can be useful in:a. Identifying with the suspect.b. Obtaining a confession.c. Making the suspect feel at ease.d. None of the above.
Although most perpetrators begin their thefts because of a perceived critical need, they usually continue to embezzle in order to:a. Beat the system.b. Fulfill an inner desire to commit fraud.c. Improve their lifestyle.d. Achieve a higher self-esteem.
An increase in a person’s net worth plus living expenses equals the person’s total income. (True/False)
The net worth method cannot help in determining the extent of stolen funds. (True/False)
Private financial institutions can usually sell confidential customer information. (True/False)
When people convert stolen cash by entering into financial transactions, such as buying assets, they usually leave tracks that investigators can follow. (True/False)
Federal agencies provide better records than state or county agencies for conversion investigations. (True/False)
Before financial institutions can sell or disclose confidential customer information, they must provide customers with the opportunity to “opt out” from information sharing. (True/False)
The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 made it more difficult for officials and private citizens to access information from financial institutions. (True/False)
Conversion is the third element of the fraud investigation triangle. (True/False)
For various reasons, the net worth method tends to be a conservative estimate of amounts stolen. (True/False)
The net worth method is rarely, if ever, helpful in actual fraud investigations. (True/False)
Several publicly available databases provide information that can be helpful in investigations. (True/False)
Private credit records are maintained on both individuals and organizations by various credit-reporting companies. (True/False)
Counties and other local agencies that contain records are usually not very useful in fraud investigation. (True/False)
The secretary of state maintains many types of records relating to business and Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) filings. (True/False)
It is always necessary to involve a federal law enforcement agent when accessing federal databases. (True/False)
Investigations of perpetrators’ net worth and lifestyles help investigators know what class of society the perpetrators are from..(True/False)
One common investigation procedure determines how perpetrators convert or spend their time.(True/False)
Perpetrators usually save what they steal. (True/False)
Programs like CaseMap, CaseCentral, ZANTAZ, Ringtail, and DatiCon are examples of:a. Software that implements discovery sampling techniques.b. Link analysis software.c. Software packages used to index and store evidence.d. Forensic software used to investigate hard drives and other digital devices.
Which of the following is usually the best way to obtain documentary evidence?a. Computer-based queries of full-population accounting and other databases.b. A statistically sound sampling approach like discovery sampling.c. Chance, accident, or tip discovery.d. None of the above are effective
How are most frauds concealed?a. By shredding source documents.b. By converting to a paperless office without paper transactions.c. By creating fictitious documents or altering source documents.d. By firing employees who will not go along with the fraud.
What can a fraud examiner conclude if his or her tests confirm that no instances of fraud are present in a sample taken from a population?a. There is virtually no risk that fraud exists in the population.b. The population contains no fraud.c. Only that no fraud is present in that particular
What can a fraud examiner conclude if one or more instances of fraud are found in a sample taken from a population?a. There is a slight risk that fraud exists in the population.b. The population contains fraud.c. The sample may not have been randomly selected, and thus no conclusions can be
Which of the following is true of graphologists?a. They can only perform their work in laboratory settings.b. They perform the same type of work as forensic document experts.c. They study handwriting as a way to interpret and identify personalities.d. They are required to be members of the ABFDE
Which of the following methods of gathering documents is based primarily on luck?a. Documents discovered during audits.b. Hard-to-get private documents that are subpoenaed.c. Documents discovered through searching public sources.d. Documents provided by tipsters.
Which of the following is not a benefit of statistical sampling?a. It allows auditors to be certain that fraud does not exist in a population.b. It is helpful when populations are large.c. It allows quantification of risk.d. It allows inference about a population.
Which of the following is not true regarding document experts?a. They can usually determine whether a document was written by the person whose signature the document bears.b. They can usually determine whether a document has been forged.c. They can usually determine whether the date the document
Documentary evidence such as private tax returns can usually be obtained only by:a. Subpoena.b. Search warrant.c. Voluntary consent.d. All of the above.
Discovery sampling:a. Is a type of variables sampling.b. Is one of the more difficult statistical sampling methods to understand.c. Is never used in conducting a fraud examination.d. Deals with the probability of discovering at least one error in a given sample size if the population error is a
Marking documentary evidence is important to ensure that:a. Documents are legal.b. Databases can be created with valuable information.c. Documents can be identified later.d. Marking documentary evidence is not important.
Chain of custody refers to:a. Marking on a document so it can be identified later.b. A record of when a document is received and what has happened to it since its receipt.c. Databases used in trials to assist lawyers.d. The way in which courts are organized.
In a fraud investigation, documents:a. Usually contain extremely valuable information.b. Are rarely used in court.c. Are not reliable sources of information.d. Are only valuable in obtaining a confession.
The best way to obtain documentary evidence in a computer database is to use discovery sampling to find the appropriate records. (True/False)
Programs like i2’s Analyst’s Notebook and Xanalys Link Explorer perform link analysis. (True/False)
Bates numbers are identifying numbers used by attorneys involved in litigation to track all documents. (True/False)
Using a computer to access records (data mining) can be a very effective approach for determining if fraud exists because the auditor can look at entire populations. (True/False)
Random number tables are ineffective and should not be used when selecting random samples from a population. (True/False)
A canceled check typically shows the account number of the person who presented the check, the teller who processed the check, and the sequence number of the transaction. (True/False)
Even if photocopies of original documents are allowed to be introduced as evidence in a court of law, they are still considered secondary evidence. (True/False)
As long as a sample is selected randomly, it will always be representative of the population as a whole. (True/False)
Discovery sampling is probably the most difficult of all statistical sampling variations to understand. (True/False)
Concealment investigative methods sometimes involve the study of documents that have been manipulated. (True/False)
Evidence should be uniquely marked so it can be easily identified later. (True/False)
There is no difference between forensic document experts and graphologists. (True/False)
Photocopies are always preferable to original documents as evidence. (True/False)
Traditional chain of custody evidence procedures are not appropriate when used with electronic evidence. (True/False)
Checks are excellent sources of physical evidence. (True/False)
Concealment is the covering of tracks, obscuring of evidence, and removal of red flags to hide a perpetrator’s fraud. (True/False)
Computer forensics is a rapidly expanding field with new software packages appearing all the time. Beyond the two largest players right now, search the Internet to find an open source or proprietary forensic application (or full application suite). For your application, search for the following
In August 2001, it was discovered that the McDonald’s Monopoly game was a fraud. Simon Marketing, which ran the game on behalf of McDonald’s, was responsible for the fraud. During the investigation to uncover the fraud, the FBI used several different forms of surveillance. Using the Internet,
As a recent graduate with a bachelor's degree, you land a job with a local accounting firm. The firm hired you because of your expertise in computer forensics (a skill you gained during school). Up to this point, the firm has had no internal knowledge of forensics, and your first assignment at work
Assume that someone in your company is taking money from the petty cash fund. Complete a vulnerability chart similar to the one in the chapter in order to coordinate the various aspects of the fraud.
A snapshot of active memory should be done:a. Before seizure of the computer.b. After seizure of the computer but before turning off the computer.c. After turning off the computer but before calculation of the checksum number.d. After calculation of the checksum number but before searching.
When seizing computers, a calculation (also called a hash) that ensures you have an exact clone and have not changed data is called a(n):a. NIST number.b. ODBC connection.c. Internet packet calculation.d. CRC checksum number.
Who should be consulted before any form of surveillance takes place?a. Public investors and the company’s board of directors.b. State attorney general.c. Legal counsel and human resources.d. All company executives.
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