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Primer Of Applied Regression And Analysis Of Variance 3rd Edition Stanton Glantz, Bryan Slinker, Torsten Neilands - Solutions

Repeat the analysis of Problem 14.8 for the dependent variable F, using starting values b1 = 5, b2 = 1.6, b3 = 300, and b4 = .05. Then repeat starting from b3 = 200 and keeping the other starting values the same.Finally, repeat starting from b3 = 100. Discuss the results of these three attempts.
The amount of protein in the diet modulates both total food intake and body weight gain. Many investigators have studied the relationship between dietary protein and food intake and weight gain, but most studies have ignored the effect of age. Toyomizu and coworkers* noted a prior study that
Are there any influential observations in the data analyzed in Problem 14.6B?
In an example in this chapter, we presented data relating to the effect of carotid sinus baroreceptors on nerve discharge. These data related very specifically to the function of a single baroreceptor in terms of the signal it sends to the brain. There are many such baroreceptors feeding
Do a complete analysis of the residuals and other regression diagnostics for the analysis of Problem 14.4B.
When patients are given certain antibiotics, they sometimes get an inflammation of the colon that is usually caused by a bacterium, Clostridium difficile, which produces an endotoxin. The mechanism by which this endotoxin causes damage to the cells lining the colon is not clear. Therefore, Hecht
For the data analyzed in Problem 14.2, two observations had Studentized residuals ri greater than 2: r4 = 3.6, r7 = 2.43, h44 = .00159, and h77 = .193. Calculate the corresponding Cook’s distances.
Surfactant is a substance secreted by lung cells lining the alveoli, the small sacs at the end of airways in which gas exchange between air and blood occurs. Surfactant reduces surface tension and is essential for preventing collapse of alveoli. Surfactant is continually recycled by the cells
In Problem 4.4, you fit a curvilinear relationship between the change in rate of growth G in growth hormone H–treated children and their native H levels at the time treatment started. Fit these data (Table D-15, Appendix D) to the equation, . Is there evidence that this is a better fit to the
Were the effects of low IADL different depending on the presence of comorbid conditions?
Keller and Potter also were also interested in whether the presence of other illness (comorbidities) such as heart disease, cancer, or AIDS affected mortality. Did considering the presence of comorbidities have an additional effect on survival, accounting for the effects of impaired IADL? (The data
Taking care of elderly people on an outpatient basis is less costly than caring for them in nursing homes or hospitals, but health professionals have expressed concern about how well it is possible to predict clinical outcomes among people cared for on an outpatient basis. As part of an
Carrico and colleagues* also wanted to know whether stimulant drug use by HIV-positive gay men and also by their HIV-positive romantic partners was associated with HIV medication adherence in each man in all the couples. As part of a larger study about relationship dynamics,gay couples completed a
Kalkhoran and colleagues* investigated predictors of dual use of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco products. Although their original sample size was large (N = 1324), they were interested in running separate logistic regression analyses within subgroups. Most of the sample used only cigarettes. One
A. Using the results of Problem 12.5, calculate the odds that a 65-yearold patient with low arterial oxygen, 6 kPa, and high protein index, 5.5, has ARDS. B. Make the same calculation for a 65-year-old patient with high oxygen, 20 kPa, and low protein index, .2.
Is there any evidence that multicollinearity is a problem in the analysis done in Problem 12.5? Explain your answer.
Do a complete residual analysis on the logistic equation estimated in Problem 12.5.
Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a complication in many critically ill patients. The usual diagnosis of ARDS is based on clinical findings of refractory respiratory failure and x-rays of the lungs showing fluid accumulation. Because it is known that the airways of the lungs are leaky
Is there a problem with multicollinearity in the data analyzed in Problem 12.3?
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the condition in which infants die during their sleep without warning. Some people believe that SIDS frequencies at which important periodic fluctuations in heart rate occur.Spicer and colleagues* identified an important frequency component of the heart beat
In the example of using stepwise (forward) regression to find the predictors of a positive exercise thallium test (nuking the heart), why does the degree of stenosis D enter the equation first (refer to Fig. 12-14)? Explain your answer.
A. Using the equation estimated for the example of Martian graduation, what are the odds that a Martian of 4 zorp will graduate? B. Of 12 zorp? C. From the answers to parts A and B, calculate the predicted probability that Martians with intelligences of 4 and 12 zorp will graduate.
A. Evaluate the residuals from the analysis of covariance you performed in Problem 11.9. Do they meet the assumption of a linear relationship between the response, F, and the covariate, L? If not, reformulate the problem to conduct an analysis of covariance, while accounting for a nonlinearity. B.
There are many forms of heart disease, most of which eventually lead to heart failure, a condition in which the heart does not pump strongly enough to serve the needs of the body. Presumably, the dysfunction of the heart has its roots in the dysfunction of the cardiac muscle cells that make up the
A. Test the assumption of homogeneity of slopes for the data you analyzed in Problem 11.7. B. Are you justified in proceeding with the comparison of adjusted means? If not, how do you interpret your results?
Calcium is an essential factor in the function of many cells, including the contraction of muscle cells. When blood pressure is elevated, as in hypertension, it is known that the intracellular calcium is elevated in many cell types. Because of the central role of smooth muscle cells in arteries in
A. Test the assumption of homogeneity of slopes for the data you analyzed in Problem 11.5. B. Are you justified in proceeding with the comparison of adjusted means? If not, how do you interpret your results?
As transgenic mice have become more commonly used as models for research in cardiovascular disease, a question arose as to whether the normal mouse heart responded to ischemia (lack of blood flow) the same way as hearts of other mammalian species. In addition, it is known that in most mammalian
For the “Ridding Your Body of Drugs” example (using the data in Table C-29, Appendix C), test the assumption of homogeneity of slopes.
For the secondhand smoke on Mercury example you analyzed in Problem 11.2 (using the data in Table C-28, Appendix C), test the assumption of homogeneity of slopes using an incremental F test.
Perform the analysis of covariance for the secondhand smoke on Mercury example (using the data in Table C-28, Appendix C).
For the “Fat-Free Exercising” example (using the data in Table C-27, Appendix C), test the assumption of homogeneity of slopes.
Perform a standard regression analysis in Problem 10.9 without including dummy variables to account for the between-dogs variability and then rerun the analysis including dummy variables to account for between-dogs variability. What effect does this have on R2 and sy|x?
To study the physiology of the stomach and intestines, it is often necessary to measure the blood flow in a localized area in the wall of these organs. One standard method is to measure the washout(clearance) of a known amount of hydrogen gas. This technique is difficult. More recently, an easier
Suppose some of the data analyzed in Problem 10.7 were missing as shown in Table D-34, Appendix D. A. Analyze these missing data using the same analysis as in Problem 10.7. B. Are any of the conclusions different from those reached in Problem 10.7?
Strenuous exercise to which one is not accustomed can lead to muscle damage that is perceived as soreness in the afflicted muscles. Some evidence suggests that repeating a bout of exercise as much as 2 or 3 weeks later, without any intervening exercise, causes less damage and, thus, less soreness.
Suppose that some subjects gave incomplete responses to the sociability assessment analyzed in Problem 10.5A (the data are in Table D-32, Appendix D). A. Reanalyze the effect of antisocial personality diagnosis and drinking on sociability when these data are missing. B.Do any conclusions reached in
In this chapter, we analyzed three different personality scores—aggression, anger, and depression—in two groups of alcoholic subjects, those with antisocial personality disorder and those without, when they were sober and when they were drinking. That study included an assessment of two other
Physical training causes adaptations in the metabolism of muscles, one of which is a switch in the energy sources utilized. To study the switch in energy metabolism as a result of exercise, Hood and Terjung*measured the contribution of the branched-chain amino acid, leucine, to muscle energy
Bacterial contamination of surgical patients can occur from bacteria that contaminate the scrub suits worn by surgical personnel. During surgery, these scrub suits are covered by surgical gowns. However, because this effort is not perfect, one presumably could gain an advantage if the contamination
In this chapter, and in Problem 10.1, we analyzed the metabolic responses early (data in Table 10-1) and late (data in Table D-27, Appendix D) after a meal that dogs ate normally, but had their stomachs bypassed, or did not eat, but had food placed directly into their stomachs. Combine these two
In this chapter, we analyzed the metabolic rate response early after different methods of eating in dogs. The investigators also analyzed the metabolic rate later after the different types of eating. These data are in Table D-27, Appendix D. A. Analyze them the same way we did the early metabolic
When feeding cattle and sheep, sometimes a relatively poor quality feed, such as grass hay, must be used. Often this forage is supplemented with high levels of corn in the diet. Supplementing such low-quality forage with high levels of corn, however, is associated with reduced forage intake and
Repeat the analysis of Problem 9.9, leaving out the three-way interaction term. A. What effect does this omission have on the statistics and statistical conclusions? B. What effect does this omission have on your ability to interpret the biological question asked?
Many chemicals known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons cause cancer. One of the best known of these is benzo(a)pyrine, which has many sources, including secondhand tobacco smoke. A related chemical 7,H-dibenzo(c,g)carbazole is also found in tobacco smoke. However, these two polycyclic
One approach to handling data in which there are empty cells in twoway and higher-order analyses of variance is to fall back on a one-way analysis of the remaining cells. Do a one-way analysis of variance on the data in the five remaining cells of the kidney Na-K-ATPase activity data in Table 9-18.
Evaluate the assumption of homogeneity of variance in the data of Problem 9.6 (Table D-24, Appendix D).
Nurse practitioner is a title granted to individuals with widely different training: from a short, continuing-education program to a 2-year program leading to a master’s degree. There is agreement among nursing professionals that it would be good to narrow the applicability of the title so that
Suppose no data were obtained for cGMP levels in the pituitary gland when M was given, so there is a missing cell. A. Modify the data in Table D-22, Appendix D, accordingly and repeat the analysis of Problem 9.3 B. Are any of the conclusions based on this incomplete data set different from those
Suppose that you were missing three data points from the study analyzed in Problem 9.3, one observation from the AOAA group and two observations from the M group in samples taken from the pituitary. (The modified data are in Table D-23, Appendix D.) A. Analyze the modified data. B. Do any of the
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a nerve transmitter in the brain that has many functions that are not clearly understood. One such activity is control of secretion of the sex hormone prolactin from the pituitary gland. Control of prolactin secretion by other nerve transmitters, such as dopamine, is
Evaluate the assumption of homogeneity of variance for Problem 9.1.
Dietary fat is known to promote certain types of cancer. One of the ways certain fats may facilitate cancer is through a class of reactive chemicals derived from the fat, for example, arachidonic acid, an n-6 fatty acid.Another class of fats, the so-called n-3 fatty acids that are found in high
Use the Holm–Sidak t test to do all possible comparisons of the data analyzed in Problem 8.6. Interpret the results in terms of the physiological question asked in Problem 8.6
Compute all possible comparisons among group means computed in Problem 8.6 using Bonferroni t tests. Interpret your results.
Evaluate the assumption of homogeneity of variances in the data analyzed in Problem 8.6 (the data are in Table D-20, Appendix D). If necessary, reanalyze the data and discuss any effect on the interpretation of the data.
Saliva contains many enzymes and proteins that serve a variety of biological functions, including initiating digestion and controlling the mouth’s environment. The latter may be important in the development of tooth decay. The protein content of saliva seems to be regulated by sympathetic nerves,
Evaluate the assumption of homogeneity of variances in the data analyzed in Problem 8.4 (the data are in Table D-19, Appendix D). If necessary, reanalyze the data and discuss any differences from the original conclusions.
Sports medicine workers often want to determine the body composition(density and percentage of fat) of athletes. The typical way this is done is to weigh the individual in a tub of water to determine the amount of water displaced. For paraplegic athletes, weighing in water is technically difficult
Evaluate the normality assumption of the data used in the analysis of problem 8.1. If the data are not normally distributed, what can you do?
Evaluate the equality of variance assumption for the analysis of Problem 8.1 (the data are in Table D-18, Appendix D). If there is a problem, try to stabilize the variances. If successful in stabilizing the variances, reanalyze the data. Do your conclusions change? If not successful, what do you do
Yoshida and coworkers* noted that a patient with myotonic dystrophy (a neuromuscular disease) had elevated blood calcium levels. A search of the clinical literature revealed other case reports that suggested a problem with the parathyroid glands in patients with myotonic dystrophy. They
Perform multiple imputation to address the missing data in the Martian data set described in the section “Missing Data Mechanisms Revisited:Three Mechanisms for Missing Martians” and perform the same regression analysis as was done using MLE in the chapter. Generate trace plots to justify the
Describe the remedies you would employ to address possible regression model assumption violations when fitting regression models using maximum likelihood estimation and multiple imputation.
Generate multiple imputations for the incomplete smoking, social networks, and personality data collected using the three-form design described in Table 7-6. Fit the regression model shown in Eq. (7.8) to regression coefficients, standard errors, and P values. Be sure to follow the steps described
Take one of the data sets with multiple independent variables that appears in Chapters 3 or 4 and randomly delete 25–50 percent of values for one of the independent variables. Perform a multiple regression analysis using (a) OLS regression and (b) MLE via a software program that supports
Use a statistical program to compute the MLEs of the means, variances, and covariances for the complete copper-zinc data described in Chapter 4. Use the formulas shown in Eqs. (7.2) and (7.3) to obtain the regression coefficients for the regression of log MMA values onto inverse copper and zinc
Take the original complete Martian data set and compute the log likelihood for one of the cases based on the multivariate normal log likelihood formula shown in Eq. (7.5). Use the maximum likelihood estimates of the means, variances, and covariances in Eq. (7.5) to obtain the log likelihood value.
Explain under what situation or situations that it matters little which missing data handling technique is used. (Hint: Under what circumstances do older, ad hoc methods for handling missing data perform reasonably well?)
Explain why mean substitution is generally a poor method of handling missing data.
Name and define the primary method most statistical software programs use to handle missing data in their regression routines. List the limitations of that approach.
Schafer and Graham* discuss a hypothetical study in which blood pressure is measured at two time points. Assume that all subjects’ blood pressures were measured at the first time point. Now assume that some subjects did not return to have their blood pressure measured at the second time point.
Evaluate the predictive optimism of the final model you obtained in Problem 6.4 using h-fold cross-validation, leave-one-out crossvalidation, bootstrapping, or a similar technique. List the predictors you obtained in the final model in Problem 6.4, name the technique you used to evaluate predictive
Data analysts are often confronted with a set of few measured independent variables and are to choose the “best” predictive equation.Not infrequently, such an analysis consists of taking the measured variables, their pairwise cross-products, and their squares; throwing the whole lot into a
Reanalyze the data from the study of urinary calcium during parenteral nutrition (Problems 2.6, 3.8, and 5.5; data in Table D-5, Appendix D)using variable selection methods. Of the four potential variables, which ones are selected? Do different selection methods yield different results?
In Problem 3.17, we concluded that involuntary smoking was associated with an increased risk of female breast cancer, allowing for the effects of dietary animal fat. Are both variables necessary? The data are in Table D-2, Appendix D.
For the regression analysis of Problem 3.12, what is the incremental sum of squares associated with adding T2 to the regression equation already containing T1?
Calculate from the last step shown in the computer output in Fig. 6-7.
Draw graphs illustrating the effect of centering on the relationship between C and C2 for the data in Table D-1, Appendix D.
Evaluate the extent of multicollinearity when using a quadratic equation to fit the data of Table D-1, Appendix D, relating sedation S to blood cortisol level C during Valium administration. Reanalyze the data, if necessary, using an appropriate method. If you reanalyze the data, discuss any
Use principal components regression to obtain parameter estimates for the regression model analyzed in Problem 5.7. A. What is the condition index of the correlation matrix? B. How many principal components are you justified in omitting? Report the regression equation. C. Is there a better way to
Compare and interpret the eigenvalues and condition indices of the correlation matrix of the native and centered independent variables in the regression model analyzed in Problem 5.7.
Here are the eigenvalues of a correlation matrix of a set of independent variables: λ1 = 4.231, λ2 = 1.279, λ3 = .395, λ4 = .084, λ5 = .009, and λ6 =.002. A. How many independent variables are there? B. Calculate the condition index of this matrix. C. Is there a problem with multicollinearity?
In Problem 3.11, you used regression and dummy variables to see if two different antibiotic dosing schedules affected the relationship between efficacy and the effective levels of drug in the blood. A. Reanalyze these data, including in your analysis a complete regression diagnostic workup. B. If
In Problem 4.3, you analyzed the relationship between ammonium ion A and urinary anion gap Uag. There was a suggestion of a quadratic relationship. A. Evaluate the extent of the structural multicollinearity between Uag and in this model. B. What effect does centering the data have in this analysis
In Problem 3.8, you used multiple linear regression analysis to conclude that urinary calcium UCa was significantly related to dietary calcium DCa and urinary sodium UNa, but not to dietary protein Dp or glomerular filtration rate Gfr. This conclusion assumes that there is no serious
In Chapter 3, we fit the data on heat exchange in gray seals in Fig. 2-12(and Table C-2, Appendix C) using the quadratic function This equation describes the data better than a simple linear regression but contains a potential structural multicollinearity due to the presence of both Ta and . Is
For the multiple regression analysis of Problem 3.12, is there any evidence that multicollinearity is a problem?
In Table D-6, Appendix D, T1 and T2 are the two independent variables for the multiple regression analysis of Problem 3.12. Using only correlation analysis (no multiple regressions allowed), calculate the variance inflation factors for T1 and T2.
A. Is multicollinearity a problem in the study of breast cancer and involuntary smoking and diet in Problem 3.17, excluding the interaction? B. Including the interaction? The data are in Table D-2, Appendix D.
. How are they similar or different?
Fit the quadratic model from Problem 4.14 using either the bootstrap method or computing robust standard errors. Evaluate the results and compare them with the quadratic model results obtained in Problem
Evaluate the appropriateness of the linear model used in Problem 2.2. If indicated, propose and evaluate an alternative model. The data are in Table D-1, Appendix D.
A. Compare the regression diagnostics (Studentized residual, leverage, and Cook’s distance) computed in Problem 4.12 above with those obtained using a quadratic fit to the same data (see Problem 4.13). B.Explain any differences.
Evaluate the goodness of the fit of the linear model used to relate antibiotic effectiveness to blood level of the antibiotic in Problem 2.4(data in Table D-3, Appendix D). If the linear model is not appropriate, propose a better model.
Repeat the regression analysis of Problem 2.4 (data in Table D-3, Appendix D) and compute Studentized residuals, leverage values, and Cook’s distances for the residuals and analyze the relative influence of the data points.
Because the relationship between Breathalyzer-determined and selfreported blood alcohol levels in Problem 4.8 appeared to change above a certain level, we reanalyzed the data after throwing out the points at high levels (Problem 4.10). Another approach to this problem is to consider that the data
In Problem 4.8, the data seem to reflect a threshold of about .10 blood alcohol in which a relatively good correspondence between Breathalyzer-determined blood alcohol and self-reporting of consumption breaks down. Reanalyze these data after omitting all data points with Breathalyzer-determined
Prepare a normal probability plot of the residuals from Problem 4.8.
Driving while intoxicated is a pressing problem. Attempts to deal with this problem through prevention programs in which social drinkers learn to recognize levels of alcohol consumption beyond which they should not drive require that people be able to accurately judge their own alcohol consumption

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