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Stats Data And Models 3rd Canadian Edition Richard De Veaux, Paul Velleman, David Bock, Augustin Vukov, Augustine Wong - Solutions
Contrast Bath treatments use the immersion of an injured limb alternately in water of two contrasting temperatures. Those who use the method claim that it can reduce swelling. Researchers compared three treatments: contrast baths and exercise (1), contrast baths alone (2), and exercise alone (3).24
Frumpies The makers of Frumpies, “the breakfast of rug rats,” want to improve their marketing, so they consult you.a) They first want to know what fraction of children ages 10 to 13 like their celery-flavoured cereal. What kind of study should they perform?b) They are thinking of introducing a
Mozart, 2nd movement The New York Times (Sept. 9, 1991) reported that “A sake brewer [near] Tokyo is marketing a Mozart brand of sake, asserting that Mozart is regularly played at the brewery.” “It seems that the malt grows well especially with Mozart music in the background,” the company
Mozart Will listening to a Mozart piano sonata make you smarter? In a 1995 study published in the journal Neuroscience Letters, Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky reported that when students were given a spatial reasoning section of a standard IQ test, those who listened to Mozart for 10 minutes improved their
Diet and blood pressure Exercise 26 reported on an experiment that showed that subjects fed the DASH diet were able to lower their blood pressure by an average of 6.7 points compared to a group fed a “control diet.” All meals were prepared by dieticians.a) Why were the subjects randomly
Hamstrings Exercise 39 discussed an experiment to see if the time it took athletes with hamstring injuries to be able to return to sports was different depending on which of two exercise programs they engaged in.a) Explain why it was important to randomly assign the athletes to the two different
Swimsuits A swimsuit manufacturer wants to test the speed of its newly designed suit. The company designs an experiment by having six randomly selected Olympic swimmers swim as fast as they can with their old swimsuit first and then swim the same event again with the new, expensive swimsuit. The
Shoes A running-shoe manufacturer wanted to test the effect of its new sprinting shoe on 100-metre dash times. The company sponsored five athletes who were running the 100-metre dash in the 2012 Summer Olympic Games. To test the shoe, it had all five runners run the race with a competitor’s shoe
Tomatoes another encore You want to compare the tastiness and juiciness of tomatoes grown with three amounts of a new fertilizer: none, half the recommended amount, and the full recommended amount. Each tomato plant has two possible levels of irrigation: daily watering and no watering. Describe a
Tomatoes encore Describe a strategy to randomly split 24 tomato plants into the three groups for the completely randomized single factor experiment of Exercise 4.
Insomnia, at last Exercises 28, 42, and 44 described an experiment investigating the effectiveness of exercise in combating insomnia. Suppose some of the 40 subjects had maintained a healthy weight, but others were quite overweight. Why might researchers choose to block the subjects by weight
Omega-3, finis Exercises 21, 41, and 43 described an experiment investigating the effectiveness of omega-3 fats in treating bipolar disorder. Suppose some of the 30 subjects were very active people who walked a lot or got vigorous exercise several times a week, while others tended to be more
Insomnia again Exercises 28 and 42 described an experiment investigating the effectiveness of exercise in combating insomnia. Researchers randomly assigned half of the 40 volunteers to an exercise program.a) Why was it important to randomize in deciding who would exercise?b) What would be the
Omega-3 revisited Exercises 21 and 41 described an experiment investigating a dietary approach to treating bipolar disorder. Researchers randomly assigned 30 subjects to two treatment groups, one group taking a high dose of omega-3 fats and the other a placebo.a) Why was it important to randomize
Insomnia Exercise 28 described an experiment that showed that getting exercise helped people sleep better. The experiment involved other groups of subjects who didn’t exercise. Why didn’t the experimenters just have everyone exercise and see if their ability to sleep improved?
Omega-3 Exercise 21 described an experiment that showed that high doses of omega-3 fats might be of benefit to people with bipolar disorder. The experiment involved a control group of subjects who received a placebo. Why didn’t the experimenters just give everyone the omega-3 fats to see if
Pew Research compared respondents to an ordinary five-day telephone survey with respondents to a fourmonth-long rigorous survey designed to generate the highest possible response rate. They were especially interested in identifying any variables for which those who responded to the ordinary survey
Athletes who had suffered hamstring injuries were randomly assigned to one of two exercise programs. Those who engaged in static stretching returned to sports activity in a mean of 37.4 days (SD = 27.6 days). Those assigned to a program of agility and trunk stabilization exercises returned to
Weight is an issue for both humans and their pets. A dog food company wants to compare a new lower-calorie food with their standard dog food to see if it’s effective in helping inactive dogs maintain a healthy weight. They have found several dog owners willing to participate in the trial. The
Some people claim they can get relief from migraine headache pain by drinking a large glass of ice water. Researchers plan to enlist several people who suffer from migraines in a test. When a participant experiences a migraine headache, he or she will take a pill that may be a standard pain
Some people who race greyhounds give the dogs large doses of vitamin C in the belief that the dogs will run faster. Investigators at the University of Florida tried three different diets in random order on each of five racing greyhounds. They were surprised to find that when the dogs ate high
Scientists examined the glycogen content of rats’ brains at the rats’ normal bedtimes and after they had been kept awake for an extra 6, 12, or 24 hours. The scientists found that glycogen was 38% lower among rats that had been sleep-deprived for 12 hours or more, and that the levels recovered
Scientists at a major pharmaceutical firm investigated the effectiveness of an herbal compound to treat the common cold. They exposed each subject to a cold virus, then gave him or her either the herbal compound or a sugar solution known to have no effect on colds. Several days later they assessed
The May 4, 2000, issue of Science News reported that, contrary to popular belief, depressed individuals cry no more often in response to sad situations than nondepressed people. Researchers studied 23 men and 48 women with major depression, and 9 men and 24 women with no depression. They showed the
In 2001, a report in the Journal of the American Cancer Institute indicated that women who work nights have a 60% greater risk of developing breast cancer. Researchers based these findings on the work histories of 763 women with breast cancer and 741 women without the disease.
In 2002, the journal Science reported that a study of women in Finland indicated that having sons shortened the lifespans of mothers by about 34 weeks per son, but that daughters helped to lengthen the mothers’ lives. The data came from church records from the period 1640 to 1870.
Researchers have linked an increase in the incidence of breast cancer in Italy to dioxin released by an industrial accident in 1976. The study identified 981 women who lived near the site of the industrial explosion and were under age 40 at the time. Fifteen of the women had developed breast
Some gardeners prefer to use nonchemical methods to control insect pests in their gardens. Researchers have designed two kinds of traps and want to know which design will be more effective. They randomly choose 10 locations in a large garden and place one of each kind of trap at each location.
Is diet or exercise effective in combating insomnia? Some believe that cutting out desserts can help alleviate the problem, while others recommend exercise. Forty volunteers suffering from insomnia agreed to participate in a month-long test. Half were randomly assigned to a special no-desserts
After menopause, some women take supplemental estrogen. There is some concern that if these women also drink alcohol, their estrogen levels will rise too high. Twelve volunteers who were receiving supplemental estrogen were randomly divided into two groups, as were 12 other volunteers not on
To research the effects of “dietary patterns” on blood pressure in 459 subjects, subjects were randomly assigned to three groups and had their meals prepared by dieticians. Those who were fed a diet low in fat and cholesterol and high in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy foods (known as
An examination of the medical records of more than 360 000 Swedish men showed that those who were overweight or who had high blood pressure had a higher risk of kidney cancer.19
Among a group of disabled women aged 65 and older who were tracked for several years, those who had a vitamin B12 deficiency were twice as likely to suffer severe depression as those who did not.18
In a test of roughly 200 men and women, those with moderately high blood pressure (averaging 164/89 mm Hg) did worse on tests of memory and reaction time than those with normal blood pressure.17
The leg muscles of men aged 60 to 75 were 50% to 80% stronger after they had participated in a 16-week, high-intensity resistance-training program twice a week.16
Over a four-month period, among 30 people with bipolar disorder, patients who were given a high dose (10 g/day) of omega-3 fats from fish oil improved more than those given a placebo.15
Honesty Coffee stations in offices often ask users to leave money in a tray to pay for their coffee, but many people cheat. Researchers at Newcastle University replaced the picture of flowers on the wall behind the coffee station with a picture of staring eyes. They found that the average
Menopause Researchers studied the herb black cohosh as a treatment for hot flashes caused by menopause. They randomly assigned 351 women aged 45 to 55 who had reported at least two hot flashes a day to one of five groups: (1) black cohosh, (2) a multiherb supplement with black cohosh, (3) the
Super Bowl commercials When spending large amounts to purchase advertising time, companies want to know what audience they’ll reach. In January 2013, a poll asked 1008 American adults whether they planned to watch the upcoming Super Bowl. Men and women were asked separately whether they were
MS and vitamin D Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that strikes more often the farther people live from the equator. Could vitamin D—which most people get from the sun’s ultraviolet rays—be a factor? Researchers compared vitamin D levels in blood samples from 150 U.S.
Heart attacks and height Researchers who examined the health records of thousands of males found that men who died of myocardial infarction (heart attack) tended to be shorter than men who did not.a) Is this an experiment? If not, what kind of study is it?b) Is it correct to conclude that shorter
Social Media usage and grades For her Statistics class experiment, researcher K. Morrison decided to study how usage of social media affected Grade 12 students’ performance in school. She proposed to collect information from a random sample of Grade 12 students and examine the relationship
Tomatoes finis What factors might confound the results of the experiment in Exercise 4?
Confounded tips For the experiment of Exercise 3, name some confounding variables that might influence the experiment’s results?
Blocking tomatoes To obtain enough plants for the tomato experiment of Exercise 4, experimenters have to purchase plants from two different garden centres. They then randomly assign the plants from each garden centre to all three fertilizer treatments. Is the experiment blocked? Is that a good idea?
Block that tip The driver of Exercise 3 wants to know about tipping in general. So he recruits several other drivers to participate in the experiment. Each driver randomly decides whether to phone customers before delivery and records the tip percentage. Is this experiment blocked? Is that a good
More tomatoes If the tomato taster doesn’t know how the tomatoes have been treated, is the experiment single or double-blind? How might the blinding be improved further?
More tips Is the experiment of Exercise 3 blinded? Can it be double-blinded? Explain.
Tomatoes again For the experiment of Exercise 4, discuss variables that could be controlled or that could not be controlled. Is the experiment randomized and replicated
Tips again For the experiment of Exercise 3, name some variables the driver did or should have controlled. Was the experiment randomized and replicated?
Tomatoes II For the experiment described in Exercise 4, name the factor and its levels. How might the response be measured?
Tips II For the experiment described in Exercise 3, list the factor, the levels, and the response variable.
Tomatoes You want to compare the tastiness and juiciness of tomatoes grown with three amounts of a new fertilizer: none, half the recommended amount, and the full recommended amount. You allocate 6 tomato plants to receive each amount of fertilizer, assigning them at random. What are the
Tips A pizza delivery driver, always trying to increase tips, runs an experiment on his next 40 deliveries. He flips a coin to decide whether or not to call a customer from his mobile phone when he is five minutes away, hoping this slight bump in customer service will lead to a slight bump in tips.
E-commerce A business student conjectures that the Internet caused companies to become more profitable, since many transactions previously handled “face-to-face” could now be completed online. The student compares earnings from a sample of companies from the 1980s to a sample from the 2000s.
Steroids The 1990s and early 2000s could be considered the steroids era in Major League Baseball, as many players have admitted to using the drug to increase performance on the field. If a sports writer wanted to compare home run totals from the steroids era to an earlier decade, say the 1960s,
More sampling methods Consider each of these situations. Do you think the proposed sampling method is appropriate? Explain.a) We want to know if there is neighbourhood support to turn a vacant lot into a playground. We spend a Saturday afternoon going door-to-door in the neighbourhood, asking
Sampling methods Consider each of these situations. Do you think the proposed sampling method is appropriate? Explain.a) We want to know what percentage of local family doctors are accepting new patients. We call the offices of 50 doctors randomly selected from local Yellow Page listings.b) We
A fish story Concerned about reports of discoloured scales on fish caught downstream from a newly sited chemical plant, scientists set up a field station in a shoreline public park. For one week they asked fishers there to bring any fish they caught to the field station for a brief inspection. At
49. Quality control Sammy’s Salsa, a small local company, produces 20 cases of salsa a day. Each case contains 12 jars and is imprinted with a code indicating the date and batch number. To help maintain consistency, at the end of each day, Sammy selects three bottles of salsa, weighs the
48. Happy workers? A manufacturing company employs 14 project managers, 48 foremen, and 377 labourers. In an effort to keep informed about any possible sources of employee discontent, management wants to conduct job satisfaction interviews with a sample of employees every month.a) Do you see any
47. Accounting Between quarterly audits, a company likes to check on its accounting procedures to address any problems before they become serious. The accounting staff processes payments on about 120 orders each day. The next day, the supervisor rechecks 10 of the transactions to be sure they were
46. Fuel economy Occasionally, when I fill my car with gas, I figure out how many litres/100 kilometres my car got. I wrote down those results after six fill-ups in the past few months. Overall, it appears my car gets 8.7 litres per 100 kilometres.a) What statistic have I calculated?b) What is the
45. Arm length How long is your arm compared with your hand size? Put your right thumb at your left shoulder bone, stretch your hand open wide, and extend your hand down your arm. Put your thumb at the place where your little finger is, and extend down the arm again. Repeat this a third time. Now
44. Cell phone survey What about drawing a random sample only from cell phone exchanges? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of such a sampling method compared with surveying randomly generated telephone numbers from non-cell phone exchanges. Do you think these advantages and disadvantages
43. Phone surveys Anytime we conduct a survey, we must take care to avoid undercoverage. Suppose we plan to select 500 names from the city phone book, call their homes between noon and 4 p.m., and interview whoever answers, anticipating contact with at least 200 people.a) Why is it difficult to use
42. More survey questions Examine each of the following questions for possible bias. If you think the question is biased, indicate how and propose a better question.a) Do you think high school students should be required to wear uniforms?b) Given humanity’s great tradition of exploration, do you
41. Survey questions Examine each of the following questions for possible bias. If you think the question is biased, indicate how and propose a better question.a) Should companies that pollute the environment be compelled to pay the costs of cleanup?b) Given that 18-year-olds are old enough to
40. Play it again The survey described in Exercise 34 asked, Many people believe this playground is too small and in need of repair. Do you think the playground should be repaired and expanded even if that means raising the entrance fee to the park? Describe two ways this question may lead to
39. Another ride The survey of patrons waiting in line for the roller coaster in Exercise 33 asks whether they think it is worthwhile to wait a long time for the ride and whether they’d like the amusement park to install more roller coasters. What biases might cause a problem for this survey?
38. Banning Ephedra An online poll at a popular website asked: A nationwide ban of the diet supplement Ephedra went into effect recently. The herbal stimulant has been linked to 155 deaths and many more heart attacks and strokes. Ephedra manufacturer NVE Pharmaceuticals, claiming that the FDA
37. Wording the survey Two members of the PTA committee in Exercises 31 and 32 have proposed different questions to ask in seeking parents’ opinions. Question 1: Should elementary school-age children have to pass high-stakes tests in order to remain with their classmates? Question 2: Should
36. Churches For your political science class, you’d like to take a survey from a sample of all the Catholic Church members in your city. A list of churches shows 17 Catholic churches within the city limits. Rather than try to obtain a list of all members of all these churches, you decide to
35. Social life A question posted on the gamefaqs.com website on August 1, 2011, asked visitors to the site, “Do you have an active social life outside the Internet?” 22% of the 55 581 respondents said “No” or “Not really, most of my personal contact is online.”a) What kind of sample
34. Playground Some people have been complaining that the children’s playground at a municipal park is too small and is in need of repair. Managers of the park decide to survey city residents to see if they believe the playground should be rebuilt. They hand out questionnaires to parents who
33. Roller coasters Canada’s Wonderland has opened a new roller coaster. It is so popular that people are waiting for up to three hours for a two-minute ride. Concerned about how patrons (who paid a large amount to enter the park and ride on the rides) feel about this, park staff survey every
32. Parent opinion, part 2 Let’s revisit the school system described in Exercise 31. Four new sampling strategies have been proposed to help the PTA determine whether parents favour requiring elementary students to pass a test in order to be promoted to the next grade. For each, indicate what
31. Parent opinion, part 1 In a large city school system with 20 elementary schools, the school board is considering the adoption of a new policy that would require elementary students to pass a test in order to be promoted to the next grade. The PTA wants to find out whether parents agree with
30. Another mistaken poll Prior to the mayoral election discussed in Exercise 29, the newspaper also conducted a poll. The paper surveyed a random sample of registered voters stratified by political party, age, sex, and area of residence. This poll predicted that Amabo would win the election with
29. Mistaken poll A local television station conducted a “PulsePoll” to predict the winner in the upcoming mayoral election. Evening news viewers were invited to phone in their votes, with the results to be announced on the late-night news. Based on the phone calls, the station predicted that
28. Dairy inspectors visit farms unannounced and take samples of the milk to test for contamination. If the milk is found to contain dirt, antibiotics, or other foreign matter, the milk will be destroyed and the farm reinspected until purity is restored.
27. A company packaging snack foods maintains quality control by randomly selecting 10 cases from each day’s production and weighing the bags. Then they open one bag from each case and inspect the contents.
25. The Environmental Protection Agency took soil samples at 16 locations near a former industrial waste dump and checked each for evidence of toxic chemicals. They found no elevated levels of any harmful substances. 26. Provincial police set up roadblocks to estimate the percentage of trucks with
24. Hoping to learn what issues may resonate with voters in the coming election, the campaign director for a mayoral candidate selects one block from each of the city’s election districts. Staff members go there and interview all the residents they can find.
23. Researchers waited outside a bar they had randomly selected from a list of such establishments. They stopped every tenth person who came out of the bar and asked whether he or she thought drinking and driving was a serious problem.
22. The Gallup Poll interviewed 1007 randomly selected U.S. adults aged 18 and older from March 23 to 25, 2007. Gallup reports that when asked when (if ever) the effects of global warming will begin to happen, 60% of respondents said the effects had already begun. Only 11% thought they would never
21. Consumers Union asked all subscribers whether they had used alternative medical treatments and, if so, whether they had benefitted from them. For almost all of the treatments, approximately 20% of those responding reported cures or substantial improvement in their condition.
20. A question posted on the Lycos Website on June 18, 2000, asked visitors to say whether they thought that marijuana should be legally available for medicinal purposes.15
19. A business magazine mailed a questionnaire to the human resource directors of all Fortune 500 companies and received responses from 23% of them. Those responding reported that they did not find that such surveys intruded significantly on their work day.
18. Gallup World The Gallup World Poll reports results on its website of surveys conducted in various places around the world. At the end of one of these reports, they describe their methods, including explanations, such as the following: Results are based on face-to-face interviews with randomly
17. Gallup At its website (www.gallup.com), the Gallup Poll publishes results of a new survey each day. Scroll down to the end, and you’ll find a statement that includes words such as these: Results are based on telephone interviews with 1016 national adults, aged 18 and older, conducted March
16. Drug tests Major League Baseball tests players to see whether they are using performance-enhancing drugs. Officials select a team at random, and a drug-testing crew shows up unannounced to test all 40 players on the team. Each testing day can be considered a study of drug use in Major League
15. Emoticons As their question of the day for website visitors, www.gamefaqs.com asked, “Do you ever use emoticons when you type online?” Of the 87 262 respondents, 27% said that they did not use emoticons.a) What kind of sample was this?b) How much confidence would you place in using 27% as
14. Student centre survey For their class project, a group of Statistics students decide to survey the student body to assess opinions about the proposed new student centre. Their sample of 200 includes 50 first-year students, 50 sophomores, 50 juniors, and 50 seniors.a) Do you think the group was
13. Roper Through their Roper Reports Worldwide, GfK Roper conducts a global consumer survey to help multinational companies understand different consumer attitudes throughout the world. The researchers interview 1000 people aged 13–65 from each of 30 countries. Their samples are designed so
12. Surveying employees The company of Exercise 2 is considering ways to survey their employees. For each of these proposed designs, identify the problem.a) Leave a stack of surveys out in the employee cafeteria so people can pick them up and return them.b) Stuff a questionnaire in the mailbox of
11. Student samples The university administration of Exercise 1 is considering a variety of ways to sample students for a survey. For each of these proposed survey designs, identify the problem.a) Publish an advertisement inviting students to visit a website and answer questions.b) Set up a table
10. Happy employees The company plans to have the head of each corporate division hold a meeting of their employees to ask whether they are happy on their jobs. They will ask people to raise their hands to indicate whether they are happy. What problems do you see with this plan?
9. Survey students What problems do you see with asking the following question of students? “Are you the first member of your family to seek higher education?”
8. Satisfactory satisfaction samples For each scenario, determine the sampling method used by the managers from Exercise 2.a) Use the company e-mail directory to contact 150 employees from among those employed for less than 5 years, 150 from among those employed for 5–10 years, and 150 from among
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