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Paradigms Of Artificial Intelligence Programming Case Studies In Common Lisp 1st Edition Peter Norvig - Solutions
Discuss your thoughts on the mind-body problem and its importance for a theory of artificial intelligence.
Much traditional Western thought has dwelt on the mind-body relationship. Are the mind and body:a. b. distinct entities somehow interacting, or is mind an expression of "physical processes," or C. is body just an illusion of the rational mindpg25
Give several other examples of Aristotle's distinction between "matter" and "form." Can you show how your examples might fit into a theory of abstractionpg25
Answers that are neither exact nor optimal, but are in some sense "sufficient." This is a result of the essential reliance on heuristic problem-solving methods in situations where optimal or exact results are either too expensive or not possible.pg25
An attempt to deal with issues of semantic meaning as well as syntactic form.pg25
Reasoning about the significant qualitative features of a situation.pg25
A concern with problem solving using inexact, missing, or poorly defined information and the use of representational formalisms that enable the programmer to compensate for these problems. pg25
A focus on problems that do not respond to algorithmic solutions. This underlies the reliance on heuristic search as an AI problem-solving technique.pg25
The use of computers to do symbolic reasoning, pattern recognition, learning, or some other form of inference.pg25
Little learning from experience. Current expert systems are handcrafted; once the system is completed, its performance will not improve without further attention from its programmers. This leads to severe doubts about the intelligence of such systems.pg25
Difficulties in verification. Though the correctness of any large computer system is difficult to prove, expert systems are particularly difficult to verify. This is a serious problem, as expert systems technology is being applied to critical applications such as air traffic control, nuclear
Inability to provide deep explanations. Because expert systems lack deep knowledge of their problem domains, their explanations are generally restricted to a description of the steps they took in finding a solution. They cannot tell "why" a certain approach was taken.pg25
Lack of robustness and flexibility. If humans are presented with a problem instance that they cannot solve immediately, they can generally return to an examination of first principles and come up with some strategy for attacking the problem. Expert systems generally lack this ability.pg25
Difficulty in capturing "deep" knowledge of the problem domain. MYCIN, for example, lacks any real knowledge of human physiology. It does not know what blood does or the function of the spinal cord. Folklore has it that once, when selecting a drug for treatment of meningitis, MYCIN asked whether
3.6 that allows complex sentences, such as, sentence sentence pg24pg24 sentence.
Add grammar rules to Example
3.6. pg24
Add rules for (multiple) prepositional phrases to Example
3.6. pg24
Add rules defining adjectives and adverbs to the grammar of Example
3.5 for the case of an individual with four dependents, $18,000 in the bank, and a steady income of $25,000 per year. Based on a comparison of this problem and the example in the text, suggest a generally "best" strategy for solving the problem. pg24
Trace a data-driven execution of the financial advisor of Example
Give another example of an and/or graph search problem and develop part of the search space. pg24
3.4 in a data-driven fashion. pg24
Trace the good-dog problem of Example
Write a backtrack algorithm for and/or graphs. pg24
pg24
Choose and justify a choice of breadth- or depth-first search for examples of Exercise
Determine whether goal-driven or data-driven search would be preferable for solving each of the following problems. Justify your answer. pg24a. Diagnosing mechanical problems in an automobilepg24.b. C.d. e.f. You have met a person who claims to be your distant cousin, with a common ancestor named
Implement a backtrack algorithm in a programming language of your choice. pg24
27. Begin from state A. Keep track of the successive values of NSL, SL, CS, etc. pg24
"Hand run" the backtrack algorithm on the graph in Figure
Give an instance of the traveling salesperson problem for which the nearest-neighbor strategy fails to find an optimal path. Suggest another heuristic for this problempg24
Discuss the advan- tages of breadth-first and depth-first for searching this spacepg24
2). Let the nodes represent states of the world; e.g., the farmer and the goat are on the west bank and the wolf and cabbage on the eastpg24
1 and
3 (see Figures
Give the graph representation for the farmer, wolf, goat, and cabbage problem of Section
Is there such a path in the Knigsberg mappg24
A Hamiltonian path is a path that uses every node of the graph exactly once. What condi- tions are necessary for such a path to existpg24
How can an interpreter be designed to most effectively utilize a representation languagepg24
How can the interpreter most effectively reduce search complexitypg24
What is the complexity of the search process in terms of time usagepg24 Space usagepg24
When a solution is found, is it guaranteed to be optimalpg24
Will the problem solver always terminate, or can it become caught in an infinite looppg24
List and discuss two potentially negative effects on society of the development of artificial intelligence techniques.pg24
Add two more benefits for expert systems to those already listed in the text. Discuss these in terms of intellectual, social, or financial results.pg24
Pick one problem area that you feel would justify the energy required to design an expert system solution. Spell the problem out in some detail. Based on your own intuition, which aspects of this solution would be most difficult to automatepg24
Given the differences between the architectures of modern computers and that of the human brain, what relevance does research into the physiological structure and function of biological systems have for the engineering of AI programspg24 Justify your answer.pg24
Although computing is a relatively new discipline, philosophers and mathematicians have been thinking about the issues involved in automating problem solving for thousands of years. What is your opinion of the relevance of these philosophical issues to the design of a device for intelligent problem
Describe your own criteria for computer software to be considered "intelligent."pg24
Criticize Turing's criteria for computer software being "intelligent."pg24
Discuss your thoughts on the mind-body problem and its importance for a theory of artificial intelligence.
Much traditional Western thought has dwelt on the mind-body relationship. Are the mind and body:a. b. distinct entities somehow interacting, or is mind an expression of "physical processes," or C. is body just an illusion of the rational mindpg24
Give several other examples of Aristotle's distinction between "matter" and "form." Can you show how your examples might fit into a theory of abstractionpg24
Answers that are neither exact nor optimal, but are in some sense "sufficient." This is a result of the essential reliance on heuristic problem-solving methods in situations where optimal or exact results are either too expensive or not possible.pg24
An attempt to deal with issues of semantic meaning as well as syntactic form.pg24
Reasoning about the significant qualitative features of a situation.pg24
A concern with problem solving using inexact, missing, or poorly defined information and the use of representational formalisms that enable the programmer to compensate for these problems. pg24
A focus on problems that do not respond to algorithmic solutions. This underlies the reliance on heuristic search as an AI problem-solving technique.pg24
The use of computers to do symbolic reasoning, pattern recognition, learning, or some other form of inference.pg24
Little learning from experience. Current expert systems are handcrafted; once the system is completed, its performance will not improve without further attention from its programmers. This leads to severe doubts about the intelligence of such systems.pg24
Difficulties in verification. Though the correctness of any large computer system is difficult to prove, expert systems are particularly difficult to verify. This is a serious problem, as expert systems technology is being applied to critical applications such as air traffic control, nuclear
Inability to provide deep explanations. Because expert systems lack deep knowledge of their problem domains, their explanations are generally restricted to a description of the steps they took in finding a solution. They cannot tell "why" a certain approach was taken.pg24
Lack of robustness and flexibility. If humans are presented with a problem instance that they cannot solve immediately, they can generally return to an examination of first principles and come up with some strategy for attacking the problem. Expert systems generally lack this ability.pg24
Difficulty in capturing "deep" knowledge of the problem domain. MYCIN, for example, lacks any real knowledge of human physiology. It does not know what blood does or the function of the spinal cord. Folklore has it that once, when selecting a drug for treatment of meningitis, MYCIN asked whether
3.6 that allows complex sentences, such as, sentence sentence pg23pg23 sentence.
Add grammar rules to Example
3.6. pg23
Add rules for (multiple) prepositional phrases to Example
3.6. pg23
Add rules defining adjectives and adverbs to the grammar of Example
3.5 for the case of an individual with four dependents, $18,000 in the bank, and a steady income of $25,000 per year. Based on a comparison of this problem and the example in the text, suggest a generally "best" strategy for solving the problem. pg23
Trace a data-driven execution of the financial advisor of Example
Give another example of an and/or graph search problem and develop part of the search space. pg23
3.4 in a data-driven fashion. pg23
Trace the good-dog problem of Example
Write a backtrack algorithm for and/or graphs. pg23
pg23
Choose and justify a choice of breadth- or depth-first search for examples of Exercise
Determine whether goal-driven or data-driven search would be preferable for solving each of the following problems. Justify your answer. pg23a. Diagnosing mechanical problems in an automobilepg23.b. C.d. e.f. You have met a person who claims to be your distant cousin, with a common ancestor named
Implement a backtrack algorithm in a programming language of your choice. pg23
27. Begin from state A. Keep track of the successive values of NSL, SL, CS, etc. pg23
"Hand run" the backtrack algorithm on the graph in Figure
Give an instance of the traveling salesperson problem for which the nearest-neighbor strategy fails to find an optimal path. Suggest another heuristic for this problempg23
Discuss the advan- tages of breadth-first and depth-first for searching this spacepg23
2). Let the nodes represent states of the world; e.g., the farmer and the goat are on the west bank and the wolf and cabbage on the eastpg23
1 and
3 (see Figures
Give the graph representation for the farmer, wolf, goat, and cabbage problem of Section
Is there such a path in the Knigsberg mappg23
A Hamiltonian path is a path that uses every node of the graph exactly once. What condi- tions are necessary for such a path to existpg23
How can an interpreter be designed to most effectively utilize a representation languagepg23
How can the interpreter most effectively reduce search complexitypg23
What is the complexity of the search process in terms of time usagepg23 Space usagepg23
When a solution is found, is it guaranteed to be optimalpg23
Will the problem solver always terminate, or can it become caught in an infinite looppg23
List and discuss two potentially negative effects on society of the development of artificial intelligence techniques.pg23
Add two more benefits for expert systems to those already listed in the text. Discuss these in terms of intellectual, social, or financial results.pg23
Pick one problem area that you feel would justify the energy required to design an expert system solution. Spell the problem out in some detail. Based on your own intuition, which aspects of this solution would be most difficult to automatepg23
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