Basic Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 5th Edition Gary Heiman - Solutions

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4. You measure 21 students’ degree of positive attitude toward statistics at four equally spaced intervals during the semester. The mean score for each level is time 1, 62.50; time 2, 64.68; time 3, 69.32; time 4, 72.00. You obtain the follow¬ ing sums of squares;Source Sum of Squares df Mean
3. We study the influence of practice on performing a task requiring eye-hand coor¬ dination. We test people with no practice, after 1 hour of practice, and after 2 hours of practice. In the following data, higher scores indicate better performance, (a) What are Hq and (b) Complete the ANOVA
2. Which of these relationships suggest using a repeated-measures design?(a) Examining the improvement in language ability as children grow older(b) Measuring participants’ reaction when the experimenter surprises them by unexpectedly shouting, under three levels of volume of shouting (c)
1. You read in a research report that the repeated-measures factor for a person’s weight gain led to a decrease in his or her mood, (a) What does this tell you about the design? (b) What does it tell you about the results?
26. Thinking back on the previous few chapters, what three aspects of your independent variable(s) and one aspect of your dependent variable determine the specific inferential procedure to perform in a particular experiment?
25. To study nonverbal communication, you show participants a picture of a person either smiling, frowning, or smirking. For each, you ask them to indicate whether the pictured person was either happy or sad. (a) What are the factor(s) and level(s) in this design, and how will you analyze the
24. If a researcher summarizes scores using the mode and computes a chi square, how has he or she measured the dependent variable?
23. A research article indicates that the Wilcoxon T test was significant {p < .05).(a) What does this test indicate about the design of the study? (b) What does it indicate about the raw scores? (c) What will you learn about the relationship here?
22. A research article indicates that the Friedman test was significant {p < .01). (a) What does this test indicate about the design of the study? (b) What does it indicate about the raw scores? (c) What two procedures do you also expect to be reported? (d) What will you learn about the
21.An investigator evaluated the effectiveness of a therapy on three types of patients. She collected the following improvement ratings, but these data form highly skewed distributions.Depressed Manic Schizophrenic 16 113 11 96 12 610 20 415 21 89(a) Which procedure should be used to analyze these
20.Atherapist evaluates a sample in a new treatment program after 1 month, after 2 months, and again after 3 months. Such data do not have homogeneous vari¬ ance. (a) What statistical procedure should be used to analyze the data? Why?(b) What is the first thing the therapist must do to the data?
19.We measure the maturity level of students who have completed statistics and students who have not. Maturity scores tend to be skewed. For the following interval scores.Nonstatistics Statistics 43 51 52 58 65 72 23 81 31 92 36 64(a) Do the groups differ significantly (a = .05)? (b) What do you
18. We compare the attitude scores of people tested in the morning to their scores when tested in the afternoon. We obtain the following interval data but it does not have homogeneous variance. With a = .05, is there a significant difference in scores as a function of testing times?Morning
17. After testing 40 participants, a significant of 13.31 was obtained. With a = .05 and df = 2, how would this result be reported in a publication?
16. Select the statistical procedure to use in each of the following: (a) A study of the effect of a new pain reliever on rankings of the emotional content of words describing pain. One group is tested before and after taking the drug, (b) A study of the effect of eight different colors of
15.Astudy determines the frequency of the different political party affiliations for male and female senior citizens. The following data are obtained:Affiliation Republican Democrat Other Gender Male 18 43 14 Female 39 23 18(a) What are Hq and (b) What is^ in each cell? (c) Compute Xobr (d) With a
14. The following data reflect the frequency with which people voted in the last election and were satisfied with the officials elected;Satisfied Yes No Yes 48 35 No 33 52(a) What are Hq and (b) What is^ in each cell? (c) Compute Xobt- (d) With a = .05, what do you conclude about the correlation
13. Foofy counts the students who like Professor Demented and those who like Professor Randomsampler. She then performs a one-way to determine if there is a significant difference between the frequency with which students like each professor, (a) Why is this approach incorrect? (Hint: Check the
12. A survey finds that, given the choice, 34 females prefer males much taller than themselves, and 55 females prefer males only slightly taller than themselves.(a) What are Hq and (b) With a = .05, what would you conclude about the preference of females in the population? (c) Describe how you
11. In the general population, political party affiliation is 30% Republican, 55%Democratic, and 15% other. To determine whether this distribution is also found among the elderly, in a sample of 100 senior citizens, we find 18 Republicans, 64 Democrats, and 18 other, (a) What are Hq and (b) What
10.What is the nonparametric version of each of the following? (a) A one-way, between-subjects ANOVA (b) An independent-samples t-test (n < 20) (c) A related-samples t-test (d) An independent-samples r-test (n > 20) (e) A one-way, within-subjects ANOVA (f) Fisher’s protected r-test (g) Tukey’s
9. (a) What is the phi coejficient, and when is it used? (b) What does the squared phi coefficient indicate? (c) What is the contingency coefficient, and when is it used? (d) What does the squared contingency coeffiicient indicate?
8. What is the basic logic of Hq and in all nonparametric procedures for ranked data?
7. (a) What does a significant one-way chi square indicate? (b) What does a signifi¬ cant two-way chi square indicate?
6. (a) What is the symbol for observed frequency? What does it mean? (b) What is the symbol for expected frequency? What does it mean?
5. (a) When do you use the one-way chi square? (b) When do you use the two-way chi square?
4. (a) Why, if possible, should a researcher design a study so that the data meet the assumptions of a parametric procedure? (b) Why shouldn’t you use parametric procedures for data that clearly violate their assumptions?
3. (a) With which two scales of measurement do you use nonparametric proce¬ dures? (b) What two things can be “wrong” with interval/ratio scores that lead you to use nonparametric procedures for ranked data?
2. (a) Which variable in an experiment determines whether to use parametric or nonparametric procedures? (b) When should you turn to nonparametric procedures?
1. What do all nonparametric inferential procedures have in common with all para¬ metric procedures?
25. You measure the dependent variable of participants’ relaxation level as a function of whether they meditate before being tested, and whether they were shown a film containing a low, medium, or high amount of fantasy. Perform all appropri¬ ate statistical analyses, and determine what you
24.You conduct an experiment involving two levels of self-confidence (Aj is low and A2 is high) and examine participants’ anxiety scores after they speak to one of four groups of differing sizes (B j through represent speaking to a small, medium, large, or extremely large group, respectively).
23. A study compared the performance of males and females tested by either a male or a female experimenter. Here are the data:Factor A: Participants Factor B: Experimenter LevelAj:LevelA2:Males Females 68 Level Bj.-11 14 Male Experimenter 917 10 16 919 84 Level B2:10 6Female Experimenter 95 75 10
22. Given the results in question 21, how would this change your interpretation of the study in question 19?
21. In question 19, the researcher reports that the effect size of reward is .14, the effect size of practice is .31, and the interaction accounts for .01 of the variance. What does each value indicate about the influence of these effects?
20. (a) In question 19, why does the interaction contradict your conclusions about the effect of reward? (b) Why does the interaction contradict your conclusions about practice?
19.Aresearcher examines performance on an eye-hand coordination task as a func¬ tion of three levels of reward and three levels of practice, obtaining the following cell means:Reward Low Medium High Low 410 1Practice Medium 55 14 High 15 15 15(a) What are the main effect means for reward, and what
18. In an experiment, you measure the popularity of two brands of soft drinks (factor A), and for each brand you test males and females (factor B). The following table shows the main effect and cell means from the study:FactorA Factor B Level Aj:Level Brand X Brand Y Level Bj.-14 23 Males Level
17. In question 16, say instead that the researcher found no difference between math and logic problems, frustration significantly increases with greater difficulty, and this is true for both math and logic problems. In the ANOVA in this study, what effects are significant?
16. A 2 X 2 design studies participants’ frustration levels when solving problems as a function of the difficulty of the problem and whether they are math or logic prob¬ lems. The results are that logic problems produce significantly more frustration than math problems, greater difficulty leads
15. After performing a 3 X 4 ANOVA with equal ns, you find that all Fs are signifi¬ cant. What other procedures should you perform?
14. In question 13, if you label the X axis with factor A and graph the cell means, what pattern will we see for each interaction?
13. Below are the cell means of three experiments. For each experiment, compute the main effect means and decide whether there appears to be an effect of A, B, and/or A X B.Study 1 Aj^2 24 12 14^2^2 10 55 10^2 88 14 2
12. (a) When is it appropriate to compute the effect size in a two-way ANOVA?(b) For each effect, what does the effect size tell you?
11. One more time, using a factorial design, we study the effect of changing the dose for one, two, three, or four smart pills and test participants who are 10-, 15-, and 20-years old. We test ten participants in each cell, (a) Using two numbers, describe this design, (b) When computing the main
10.Why do we usually base the interpretation of a two-way design on the interaction effect when it is significant?
9. For a 2 X 2 ANOVA, describe the following in words: (a) the statistical hypothe¬ ses for factor A, (b) the statistical hypotheses for factor B, and (c) the statistical hypotheses for A X B.
8. What does it mean to collapse across a factor?
7. (a) What is a confounded comparison, and when does it occur? (b) What is an unconfounded comparison, and when does it occur? (c) Why don’t we perform post hoc tests on confounded comparisons?
6. (a) A significant main effect indicates what about your study? (b) A significant interaction effect indicates what about your study?
5. What is the difference between a main effect mean and a cell mean?
4. Which type of ANOVA is used in a two-way design when (a) Both factors are tested using independent samples? (b) One factor involves independent samples and one factor involves related samples? (c) Both factors involve related samples?
3. What are the two reasons for conducting a two-factor experiment?
2. Identify the following terms: (a) two-way design, (b) complete factorial, and (c) cell.
1. (a) A researcher conducts a study involving one independent variable. What are the two types of parametric procedures available to her? (b) She next conducts a study involving two independent variables. What are the three versions of the parametric procedure available to her? (c) In part (b),
24. A researcher investigated the effect of volume of background noise on partici¬ pants’ accuracy rates while performing a boring task. He tested three groups of randomly selected students and obtained the following means and sums of squares:Low Volume Moderate Volume High Volume X61.5 65.5
23. With a = .05, significant, with = 4 and = 30. How is this result reported in the literature?
22.In a study in which A: = 3, n — 21, Xj — 45.3, X2 — 16.9, and 8.2, you compute the following sums of squares:Source Sum of Squares df Mean Square FBetween 147.32 Within Total 862.99 1010.31(a) Complete the ANOVA summary table, (b) With a = .05, what do you con¬ clude about (c) Perform the
21.Here are data from an experiment studying the effect of age on creativity scores:Age 4 Age 6 Age 8 Age 10 39 91 511 12 17 14 96 410 84 310 95(a) Compute and create an ANOVA summary table, (b) With a = .05, what do you conclude about (c) Perform the appropriate post hoc comparisons. What should
20. A researcher investigated the number of viral infections people contract as a function of the amount of stress they experienced during a 6-month period. She obtained the following data:Amount of Stress Negligible Stress Minimal Stress Moderate Stress Severe Stress 24 65 13 51 42 78 13 54(a)
19. A research article reports that a new diet led to a significant decrease in weight for a group of participants, (a) What does this tell you about the design? (b) What do we call this design?
18. You read in a research report that the between-subjects factor of participants’ salary produced significant differences in self-esteem, (a) What does this tell you about the design? (b) What does it tell you about the results?
17. (a) Why must the relationship in a one-way ANOVA be significant to be poten¬ tially important? (b) What does significant tell you about the relationship?(c) Why can the relationship be significant yet unimportant? (d) how do you determine how important the relationship is in an ANOVA?
16. Foofy obtained a significant ^obt from an experiment with five levels. She con¬ cludes that changing each condition of the independent variable results in a sig¬ nificant change in the dependent variable, (a) Is she correct? Why or why not?(b) What must she now do?
15. (a) Poindexter computes an of .63. How should this be interpreted? (b) He computes another F^^^ of -1.7. How should this be interpreted?
14. (a) In the perceived difficulty study discussed in this chapter, how could you increase power? (b) How do these strategies affect the size of and thus increase power? (c) What does this do to post hoc tests?
13. (a) In a study comparing four conditions, what is Hq for the ANOVA? (b) What is in the same study? (c) Describe in words what Hq and H^ say for this study.
12. A researcher conducts an experiment with two conditions, (a) How will the researcher know whether to perform a parametric or nonparametric procedure?(b) Which two parametric procedures are available to her? (c) If the researcher conducts an experiment with three levels of the independent
11. A research article reports the results of a “multivariate” analysis. What does this term communicate about the study?
10. (a) Why should equal 1 if the data represent the Hq situation? (b) Why is greater than 1 when the data represent the situation? (c) What does a significant indicate about differences between the levels of a factor?
9. (a) What do and have in common? (b) How do they differ?
8. When do you use each of the two post hoc tests discussed in this chapter?
7. (a) When is it necessary to perform post hoc comparisons? Why? (b) When is it unnecessary to perform post hoc comparisons?
6. Summarize the steps involved in analyzing an experiment when k > 2.
5. (a) What is the experiment-wise error rate? (b) Why does ANOVA solve the problem with the experiment-wise error rate created by multiple r-tests?
4. (a) What are error variance and treatment variance? (b) What are the two types of mean squares, and what does each estimate?
3. What are two reasons for conducting a study with more than two levels of a factor?
2. (a) What is the difference between n and A? (b) What does k stand for?
1. What does each of the following terms mean? (a) ANOVA (b) one-way design (c) factor (d) level (e) treatment (f) between subjects (g) within subjects
23. If the results of question 21 had not been significant, what four things could the researcher do to increase power?
22.When reading a research article, you encounter the following statements. For each, identify the N, the design, the statistical procedure performed and the result, the relationship, and if a Type I or Type II error is possibly being made (a) “The f-test indicated a significant difference
21. An experimenter investigated the effects of a sensitivity training course on a policeman’s effectiveness at resolving domestic disputes (using independent sam¬ ples who had or had not completed the course). The dependent variable was the ability to resolve a domestic dispute. These success
20. With a = .05 and df= 40, a significant independent-samples was -1-4.55. How would this be reported in the literature?
19. A rather dim student proposes testing the conditions of “male” and “female” using a repeated-measures design. What’s wrong with this idea?
18.You investigate whether the older or younger male in pairs of brothers tends to be more extroverted. You obtain the following extroversion scores:Sample 1 (Younger)Sample 2 (Older)10 18 11 17 18 19 12 16 15 15 13 19 19 13 15 20(a) What are Hq and (b) Compute (c) With a = .05, what is(d) What
17. We predict that children exhibit more aggressive acts after watching a violent television show. The scores for ten participants before and after watching the show are Sample 1 (After)Sample 2 (Before)5 46 64 34 27 43 12 01 04 53 2(a) Subtracting before from after, what are and (b) Compute (c)
16. A researcher investigates whether classical music is more or less soothing to air- traffic controllers than modem music. She plays a classical selection to one group and a modem selection to another. She gives each person an irritability questionnaire and obtains the following:Sample A
15. A researcher asks whether people will score higher or lower on a questionnaire measuring their well-being when they are exposed to much sunshine compared to when they’re exposed to little sunshine. A sample of 8 people is measured under both levels of sunshine and produces these well-being
14. We investigate if a period of time feels longer or shorter when people are bored compared to when they are not bored. Using independent samples, we obtain these estimates of the time period (in minutes):Sample 1 (bored): X = 14.5, s\ = 10.22, n = 28 Sample 2 (not bored): X = 9.0, s\ = 14.6, n =
13. A researcher studies the relationship between hot or cold baths and the amount of relaxation they produce. The relaxation scores from two independent samples are Sample 1 (hot): X — 43, = 22.79, n = 15 Sample 2 (cold): X = 39, — 24.6, n = 15(a) What are Hq and (b) Compute (c) With a - .05,
12. For each of the following, which type of t-test is required? (a) Studying the effects of a memory drug on Alzheimer’s patients, testing a group of patients before and after administration of the drug, (b) Studying the effects of alcohol on motor coor¬ dination, comparing one group of
11. Foofy obtained a statistically significant two-sample What three things should she do to complete her analysis?
10. (a) What is the final step when completing an experiment? (b) Why is useful at this stage?
9. (a) What does effect size indicate? (b) How is it computed in a two-sample experiment? (c) What does the proportion of variance accounted for indicate?
8. What does a confidence interval for the difference between two pis indicate?
7. What does the confidence interval for indicate?
6. All other things being equal, should you create a related-samples or an independent-samples design? Why?
5. (a) What is (b) What is 55? (c) What’s the difference between n and N1
4. What is homogeneity of variance?
3. (a) What are the two ways to create related samples? (b) What other assumptions must be met before using the two-sample t-test?

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Basic Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 5th Edition Gary Heiman - Solutions

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