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Statistical Methods For Psychology 8th Edition David C. Howell - Solutions

Use Y and Y^from Exercise 15.10 to show that MSresidual is a1Y 2 Y^22/ 1N 2 p 2 12 .
What does the Tolerance column in Exhibit 15.6 contribute to the answers in Exercises 15.7 and 15.8?15.10 Using the data in Exercise 15.4, generate Y^and show that R0.1234 5 r Y Y^.
All other things being equal, the stability of any given regression coefficient across different samples of data is partly a function of how that variable correlates with other predictors.Explain this fact.
All other things being equal, the ability of two variables to predict a third will increase as the correlation between them decreases. Explain this fact in terms of semipartial correlation.
Calculate the adjusted R2 for the data in Exercise 15.4.
Refer to Exercise 15.4.a. Which variable has the largest semipartial correlation with the criterion, partialling out the other variables?b. The overall F in Exercise 15.4 is not significant, yet Environment correlates significantly(r 5 .58) with Y. How is this possible?
A large corporation is interested in predicting a measure of job satisfaction among its employees. They have collected data on 15 employees who each supplied information on job satisfaction, level of responsibility, number of people supervised, rating of working environment, and years of service.
For the values of b in Exercise 15.2, the corresponding standard errors are[0.397 0.252 0.052 0.025]Which, if any, predictor would you be most likely to drop if you wanted to refine your regression equation?
Refer to Exercise 15.1. Assume that b 5 [20.438 0.762 0.081 20.132]Interpret the results.
A psychologist studying perceived “quality of life” in a large number of cities (N 5 150)came up with the following equation using mean temperature (Temp), median income in$1000 (Income), per capita expenditure on social services (Socser), and population density(Popul) as predictors.3Y^5 5.37 2
Find an example of a three-way factorial in the research literature in which at least one of the interactions is significant and meaningful. Then create a data set that mirrors those results.
In the analysis of Seligman et al. (1990) data on explanatory style (Table 13.15), you will note that there are somewhat more males than females in the Optimist group and more females than males in the Pessimist group. Under what conditions might this affect the way you would want to deal with
Gartlett & Bos (2010) presented data on the outcomes of male and female children raised by same-sex (lesbian) parents and those raised by opposite-sex parents. In a longitudinal study following 78 children of same-sex parents for 17 years, she collected data on Achenbach’s Child Behavior
Rerun the analysis in Exercise 13.29 but treat both variables as fixed and crossed. Show that the SSschool(code) in Ex13-31 is the sum of SSschool and SSschool*code in this analysis. (Hint: If you run this using SPSS you will have to have both sets of schools numbered 1–7.)
An educational researcher wanted to test the hypothesis that schools that implemented strict dress codes produced students with higher academic performance. She randomly selected 7 schools in the state with dress codes and 7 schools that had no dress code. She then randomly selected 10 students
A psychologist interested in esthetics wanted to compare composers from the classical period to composers from the romantic period. He randomly selected four composers from each period, played one work from each of them, and had 5 subjects rate each of them.Different subjects were used for each
Using the data from Exercise 13.26, reproduce the simple effects shown in Table 13.14.
The data for the three-way analysis of variance given in Table 13.14 are found on the Web.They are named Tab13–14.dat. The first three entries in each record represent the coding for A (Experience), B (Road), and C (Conditions). The fourth entry is the dependent variable. Use any analysis of
Obtain the Tukey test for Dosage from the analysis of variance in Exercise 13.23. Interpret the results.
In Exercise 11.30 you calculated the average of the nine cell variances. How does that answer compare to the MSerror from Exercise 13.23?
Use any statistical package to run the two-way analysis of variance on Interval and Dosage for the data in Epineq.dat on the Web site. Compare the results you obtain here with the results you obtained in Chapter 11, Exercises 11.28–11.30.
In Chapter 2 we considered Sternberg’s experiment on the time it takes to report whether a test stimulus was part of a prior stimulus display. The independent variables were the number of stimuli in the display (1, 3, or 5) and whether the test stimulus had been included in the display(Yes or
To study the effects of early experience on conditioning, an experimenter raised four groups of rats in the presence of (1) no special stimuli, (2) a tone stimulus, (3) a vibratory stimulus, and (4) both a tone and a vibratory stimulus. The rats were later classically conditioned using either a
Calculate d^ for the data in Exercise 13.5.
Calculate h2 and v^ 2 for Exercise 13.5.
Calculate d^for the data in Exercise 13.1.
Calculate h2 and v^ 2 for Exercise 13.1.
Klemchuk, Bond, & Howell (1990) examined role-taking ability in younger and older children depending on whether or not they attended daycare. The dependent variable was a scaled role-taking score. The sample sizes were distinctly unequal. The data follow Younger Older No Daycare –0.139 –2.002
Describe a reasonable experiment for which the primary interest would be in the interaction effect.
Make up a set of data for a 2 3 2 design that has no main effects but does have an interaction.
Make up a set of data for a 2 3 2 design that has two main effects but no interaction.
In Exercise 11.3 you ran a test between Groups 1 and 3 combined versus Groups 2 and 4 combined. How does that compare to testing the main effect of Level of processing in Exercise 13.11? Is there any difference?
Refer to Exercise 11.3a in Chapter 11. You will see that it forms a 2 3 2 factorial. Run the factorial analysis and interpret the results.
Use simple effects to examine the effect of delay of stimulation in area A for the data in Exercise 13.5.
Use the Bonferroni test to compare the neutral site to each of the other areas in Exercise 13.5, ignoring the length of stimulation. (Hint: Follow the procedures outlined in Chapters 11 and 12, but be sure that you take n as the number of scores on which the mean is based.)
Use simple effects to clarify the results for the Area factor in Exercise 13.5. Show that these simple effects sum to the correct figure.
For the study in Exercise 13.5, to what would a1 refer (if A were used to represent Area)?
Plot the cell means in Exercise 13.5.
In a study of memory processes, animals were tested in a one-trial avoidance-learning task.The animals were presented with a fear-producing stimulus on the learning trial as soon as they stepped across a line in the test chamber. The dependent variable was the time it took them to step across the
Use simple effects to compare the three groups of multiparous mothers in Exercise 13.1.
Refer to Exercise 13.1. It seems obvious that the sample sizes do not reflect the relative frequency of age and parity characteristics in the population. Under what conditions would this be a relevant consideration, and under what conditions would it not be?
In Exercise 13.1 the design may have a major weakness from a practical point of view.Notice the group of multiparous mothers less than 18 years of age. Without regard to the data, would you expect this group to lie on the same continuum as the others?
In a study of mother–infant interaction, mothers are rated by trained observers on the quality of their interactions with their infants. Mothers are classified on the basis of whether or not this was their first child (primiparous versus multiparous) and on the basis of whether this was a
Find an example in the research literature of a study that used at least five different conditions and create a data set that might have come from this experiment. Apply several of the techniques we have discussed, justifying their use and interpreting the results. (You would never apply several
Students often have difficulty seeing why a priori and post hoc tests have different familywise error rates. Make up an example (not necessarily from statistics) that would help to explain the difference to others.
In Exercise 11.8 we considered a study by Foa et al. concerning therapy for victims of rape.The raw data can be found on the Web site at Ex12.26.dat. Apply the Benjamini & Hochberg LSU procedure to these data.
Using the data from Exercise 11.27, perform the appropriate test(s) to draw meaningful conclusions from the study by Davey et al. (2003).
Using the data from Exercise 12.1, compute effect sizes on all of the contrasts that you ran with that question. How would you interpret these effect sizes? Why are these called standardized effect sizes, and what would an unstandardized effect size be?
Using the data from Exercise 12.1, compute confidence interval for the first comparison(contrast) described in that question. Interpret your answer. (If you use SPSS, use the Compare Means/One-Way ANOVA procedure, which allows you to specify coefficients.)
Stone, Rudd, Ragozzino, and Gold (1992) investigated the role that glucose plays in memory.Mice were raised with a 12-hour light-on/light-off cycle, starting at 6:00 a.m. During training mice were placed in the lighted half of an experimental box and given foot shock when they moved into the dark
Interpret the results in Exercise 12.20.
Using the data in Epineq.dat, compute both the linear and quadratic trend tests on the three drug dosages. Do this separately for each of the three intervals. (Hint: The linear coefficients are [20.597110, 20.183726, 0.780836], and the quadratic coefficients are [0.556890, 20.795557, 0.238667].)
In Exercise 12.18 it would not have made much of a difference whether we combined the data across the three intervals or not. Under what conditions would you expect that it would make a big difference?
Use any statistical package to apply the Tukey and Scheffé procedures to the data from Introini-Collison and McGaugh (1986), described in the exercises for Chapter 11 (page 366).Do these analyses for both Epineq.dat and Epinuneq.dat, which are on the book’s Web site.Do not combine across the
Write a brief report of the results computed for Exercise 12.17.
Fit linear and quadratic trend components to the Conti and Musty (1984) log transformed data in Table 11.6. The control condition received 0 μg of THC. For purposes of this example, assume that there were 10 subjects in all groups. (You could add a 2.56 to the 0.5 μg group and a 2.35 and 2.36 to
The Bonferroni multistage test is sometimes referred to as a modified sequentially rejective procedure. Why?
How could a statistical package that did not have a Bonferroni command be used to run the Bonferroni t test on the data in Exercise 12.7?
Using SPSS to apply Dunnett’s test to the log transformed data in Table 11.6.
Apply the Tukey procedure to the log transformed THC data from Table 11.6 (page 348).What is the maximum FW for this procedure?
Run the Games and Howell (1976) approach to Tukey’s HSD procedure for unequal sample sizes on the following data.Group 1 2 3 4 5 Xj 10 18 19 21 29 nj 8 5 8 7 9 s2j 7.4 8.9 8.6 7.2 9.3 12.11 Use the Scheffé test on the data in Exercise 12.10 to compare groups 1, 2, and 3 (combined)with groups 4
Why might you be more interested in running specific contrasts on the data referred to in Exercises 12.8?
Run a Tukey test on the example given in Table 11.2 (page 332) and interpret the results.
Run the Bonferroni t test on the data for Exercise 11.1, using the contrasts supplied in Exercise==12.2. Set the maximum FW at .05.
Compute the Fs for the following linear contrasts in Exercise 11.3. Save the results for use in Chapter 13.a. 1 and 2 versus 3 and 4b. 1 and 3 versus 2 and 4c. 1 and 4 versus 2 and 3d. What questions do the contrasts in (a), (b), and (c) address?
Compute the Studentized range statistic for the two groups in Exercise 11.2 and show that it is equal to t"2 (where t is taken from Exercise 11.2b).
Compute F for the linear contrast on the two groups in Exercise 11.2. Is this a waste of time? Why or why not?
What would be the per comparison and familywise error rates in Exercise 12.2? (Hint: Are the contrasts orthogonal?)
Using the data from the first exercise in Chapter 11, compute the linear contrasts for Counting and Rhyming versus Adjective and Imagery, and then compare the Adjective versus Imagery conditions. Use a 5 .05 for each contrast. (Note that this and subsequent exercises refer to exercises in Chapter
Assume that the data that follow represent the effects of food and/or water deprivation on behavior in a learning task. Treatments 1 and 2 represent control conditions in which the animal received ad lib food and water (1) or else food and water twice per day (2). In treatment 3 animals were food
Linda Teri and her colleagues (Teri, 1997) examined nonpharmacological treatments of patients with Alzheimer’s disease suffering from depression. They had two behavioral treatments, one emphasizing pleasant events (BT-PE) and the other emphasizing caregiver problem solving (BT-PS). They also had
With four groups you could have the means equally spaced along some continuum, or you could have three means approximately equal to each other and a fourth one different, or you could have two means approximately equal but different from two other approximately equal means, or some other pattern.
In the study by Conti and Musty (1984) on the effects of THC on activity, the means clearly do not increase linearly with dosage. What effect, if any, should this have on any magnitudeof-effect measure?
Some experimenters have a guilty conscience whenever they transform data. Construct a reasoned argument why transformations are generally perfectly acceptable.
Gouzoulis-Mayfrank et al. (2000) examined task performance of users of the drug Ecstacy and compared that with a group of Cannibis users and a control group of Nonusers. There were 28 participants in each group, and the Ecstacy users were almost all users of Cannibis as well. Performance was
Strayer, Drews, & Couch (2006) ran a study in which they compared the driving behavior of a control group, a group that was at the legal limit for alcohol, and a group that was talking on a cell phone. I have modified their study slightly to make it suitable for this chapter, but the results are
Rerun Exercise 11.29, this time using Epineq.dat. (The results will differ somewhat because the data are different.) Calculate the average of the three error terms (MSerror) and show that this is equal to the average of the variances within each of the nine groups in the experiment.Save this value
Use the data in Epinuneq.dat to run three separate one-way analyses of variance, one at each retention interval. In each case, test the null hypothesis that the three dosage means are equal. Have your statistical package print out the means and standard deviations of the three dosage groups for
On the reasonable assumption that there are no important differences from one interval to the next, combine the data by ignoring the Interval variable and run the analysis of variance on Dosage. Use the data in Epinuneq.dat. (You will have 42 observations for the 0.0 and 0.3 mg/kg doses and 37
In Exercise 7.46 you had data on students who had lost a parent through death, who came from a divorced household, or who grew up with two parents. You then ran three separate t tests comparing those groups.a. Now reanalyze those data using an analysis of variance with GSIT as the dependent
Davey, Startup, Zara, MacDonald, and Field (2003) were interested in the role of mood on the degree of compulsive checking in which a person engaged. (Compulsive checking is involved in a number of psychopathologies.) Three groups of 10 participants each listened to music designed to induce
Give an example of a study in which the main independent variable would be a random variable.
Suppose that we wanted to run a study comparing recall of nouns and verbs. We present each subject with 25 nouns or 25 verbs and later ask for recall of the list. We look at both differences between parts of speech and between different words within the category of “noun.”What variable is a
Would a transformation of the data in Table 11.2 be useful in terms of equalizing the variances?What transformation would you suggest applying, if any?
In Exercise 11.22 the data were transformed from their original units, which were in seconds.What effect would this have on the shape of the distributions?
Darley and Latané (1968) recorded the speed with which subjects summoned help for a person in trouble. Subjects thought either that they were the only one listening to the person(Group 1, n 5 13), that one other person was listening (Group 2, n 5 26), or that four other people were listening
Calculate h2 and v2 for the data in Exercise 11.17.
Run the analysis of variance for the transformed data you obtained in Exercise 11.19.
Apply a square-root transformation to the data in Table 11.6.
Rerun the analysis of Exercise 11.17, leaving out the Never ADD group. In what way does this analysis clarify the interpretation of the data?
Howell and Huessy (1981) classified children as exhibiting (or not exhibiting) attention deficit disorder (ADD)-related behaviors in second, fourth, and fifth grade. The subjects were then sorted on the basis of the year(s) in which the individuals were classed as exhibiting such behavior. They
When F is less than 1, we usually write “
Write an appropriate statistical model for Exercise 11.3. Save it for later use in Chapter 13.
Write an appropriate statistical model for Exercise 11.2.
Write an appropriate statistical model for Exercise 11.1.
The data for Exercise 11.8 can be found on the Web site at Ex11.12.dat. Run that analysis using SPSS or other software, and include tests for heterogeneity of variance and Welch’s modification to allow for heterogeneity of variance. How does this result compare to your answer to Exercise 11.8b?
Reanalyze the data in Table 11.1 for the Giancola study using a logarithmic transformation.What effect does that transformation have?
What would happen if the sample sizes in Exercise 11.8a were twice as large as they actually were, but all other statistics remained the same?
Calculate h2 and v2 for the data in Exercise 11.8 and interpret the results.
Foa, Rothbaum, Riggs, and Murdock (1991) conducted a study evaluating four different types of therapy for rape victims. The Stress inoculation therapy (SIT) group received instructions on coping with stress. The Prolonged exposure (PE) group went over the events in their minds repeatedly. The

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