Statistical Concepts And Applications In Clinical Medicine 1st Edition John Aitchison, Jim W. Kay, Ian J. Lauder - Solutions

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Scenario: The following questions were inspired by a 2009 article on alcohol consumption and risky behaviors (Hingson et al. 2009) based on responses to a large national survey. The data table BINGE contains summary frequency data calculated from tables provided in the article. We’ll focus on the
Scenario: In these questions, we return to the NHANES data table containing survey data from a large number of people in the U.S. in 2005. For this analysis, we’ll focus on just the following variables: RIDRETH1: Respondent’s racial or ethnic background DMDMARTL: Respondent’s reported
Scenario: We’ll continue to examine the World Development Indicators data in BirthRate 2005. We’ll focus on three categorical variables in the data table. Region: Global region of the country in question Provider: Source of maternity leave benefits (public, private, or a combination of
Scenario: The main example in Chapter 5 was based on the data table called Dolphins. Please note that this data table contains frequencies rather than raw data;refer to Figure 5.2 for instructions about creating the contingency table.a. Are the variables Activity and Period independent?b. Are
Scenario: Before we leave the pipeline data, let’s ask two more questions:a. Are disruptions equally likely to occur in all regions of the United States?b. Are the variables Explosion and LRTYPE_TEXT independent?c. Are the variables Region and Explosion independent?
Scenario: Let’s look again at the TimeUse data. For each of the following questions, evaluate the extent to which conditions for inference have been met, and then report on what you find when you use an appropriate technique.a. Estimate the mean difference in the amount of time men and women
Scenario: The data table Airline Delays contains a sample of flights for two airlines destined for four busy airports. Our goal is to analyze the delay times, expressed in minutes, and compare the two airlines.a. Assume this is an SRS of many flights by the selected carrier over a long period of
Scenario: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurological disorder affecting millions of older adults around the world. Among the common symptoms are tremors, loss of balance, and difficulty in initiating movement. Other symptoms include vocal impairment. We have a data table, Parkinsons (Little,
Scenario: Go back to the full Pipeline Safety data table. Exclude and hide all incidents except those involving LEAKS and RUPTURES of pipelines.a. Does it take longer, on average, to secure the area after a rupture than after a leak?b. Estimate the difference in property damage costs associated
Scenario: We’ll continue our analysis of the pipeline disruption data in the Southern and Southwestern regions. The columns PRPTY and GASPRP contain the dollar value of property and natural gas lost as a consequence of the disruption.a. Report and interpret a 95% confidence interval for the
Scenario: Let’s continue analyzing the data for adults in the NHANES data table.For each of the following columns, estimate the difference between the male and female respondents using a 95% confidence level.a. What is the estimated difference in Body Mass Index (BMI)?b. What is the estimated
Scenario: We have additional flight data in the data table Airline delays 3, which contains data for every United Airlines flight departing Chicago’s O’Hare International Airport from March 8 through March 14, 2009. Canceled flights have been dropped from the table. Our goal is to analyze the
Scenario: The data table Airline Delays contains a sample of flights for two airlines destined for four busy airports. Using the data filter as described in Scenario 2 above, select just the sample of American Airlines flights at Chicago’s O’Hare Airport (ORD) for analysis. Our goal is to
Scenario: Recall the data in the NHANES data table. Specifically, remember that we have two measurements for the height of very young respondents: BMXRECUM and BMXHT, the recumbent (reclining) and standing heights.a. In a sentence or two explain why you might expect these two measurements of the
Scenario: Recall the data table called Michelson 1879. These are Michelson’s recorded measurements of the speed of light. Because the measurements were taken in different groups, we’ll focus only on his last set of measurements. Before doing any further analysis, take the following steps.
Scenario: We’ll continue our analysis of the pipeline disruption data. The columns PRPTY and GASPRP contain the dollar value of property and natural gas lost as a consequence of the disruption.a. Do each of these columns satisfy the conditions for statistical inference?Explain.b. Report and
Scenario: The data table MCD contains daily stock values for the McDonald’s Corporation for the first six months of 2009. One column in the table is called Increase, and it is a categorical variable indicating whether the closing price of the stock increased from the day before.a. Using the data
Scenario: Recall the study of dolphin behavior introduced in Chapter 5; this summary data is in the data table called Dolphins.a. Assume this is an SRS. Does this set of data otherwise satisfy our conditions for inference? Explain.b. Assuming that this is a random sample, construct and interpret a
Scenario: Recall the study of traffic accidents and binge drinking introduced in Chapter 5. The data from the study were in the data table called Binge.Respondents were people ages 18 to 39 who ever drink.a. Assume this is an SRS. Does this set of data otherwise satisfy our conditions for
Scenario: Recall the NHANES food security data in NHANES Expanded.a. Does the NHANES data set satisfy the conditions for inference? Explain.b. Construct and interpret a 95% confidence interval for the population proportion of all households that often worried that their food would run out before
Scenario: You live in a community of 23,847 households. You have selected a simple random sample of 250 of these households from a printed list of addresses.Suppose that, from prior figures, you previously believed that 18% of these households have no Internet service. You suspect that more homes
Scenario: We’ll continue our analysis of the pipeline disruption data.a. Construct and interpret a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of pipeline disruptions that are classified as ruptures (rather than leaks or something else).b. Now construct and interpret a 90% confidence interval for
Scenario: You want to develop a deeper understanding of sampling variability for continuous data by making further use of the Samp_Dist_SampMean simulator script. In this scenario, you are investigating the number of seconds required for a particular Web site to respond after a user issues a
Scenario: You want to develop a deeper understanding of sampling variability for categorical data by making further use of the Samp_Dist_SampProp simulator script. We’ll imagine that you want to conduct a large-scale survey to learn what proportion of the population favors a particular issue.
Scenario: Recall the World Development Indicators data in BirthRate 2005.a. First, analyze the full table to determine the actual proportion of all countries that are in Sub-Saharan Africa. What is that proportion?b. Now find and report the mean and standard deviation of the infant mortality rate
Scenario: You live in a community of 23,847 households. You want to select a simple random sample of 250 of these households from a printed list of addresses.a. Use JMP to generate a random list of 250 integers; report the first 10 and last 10 integers on the list.b. Suppose that, from prior
Scenario: In this scenario, we return to the data from the American Time Use Survey (TimeUse). Our data table contains observations from approximately 16,000 respondents in 2003 and 2007. Use the Data Filter to select and include just the 2003 responses.a. Complete the steps necessary to create a
Scenario: Normal models are frequently used to describe the fluctuations in stock market prices. Open the data table called Stock Index Weekly Changes. This table contains the weekly proportionate changes in six major international stock market indexes for all of 2008. In the fall of 2008, world
Scenario: In Chapter 2 we first looked at the Concrete data table containing experimental data. The point of the experiment was to develop concrete that has high compressive strength.a. Complete the steps necessary to create a normal quantile plot for the Compressive Strength column. Report on what
Scenario: In the first chapter we looked at Michelson’s early measurements of the speed of light. The data table is Michelson 1879.a. Complete the steps necessary to create a shadowgram of the Velocity data.Paste a copy of the graph in your report and comment on what you see.b. Construct a normal
Scenario: We’ll continue to examine the World Development Indicators data in BirthRate 2005. This time we’ll see if we can use a normal model to represent one or more variables.a. Complete the steps necessary to create a normal quantile plot for the Fertil column. Fertil is the mean number of
Scenario: This scenario uses observational data gathered by the PHMSA, the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Program, an office of the U.S. Department of Transportation. PHMSA monitors all disruptions in the pipelines supplying natural gas throughout the United States, maintaining detailed records
Scenario: In this scenario we return to the data from the American Time Use Survey (TimeUse). Our data table contains observations from approximately 16,000 respondents in 2003 and 2007. Use the Data Filter to select and include just the 2007 responses. Suppose we select one 2007 respondent at
Scenario: The following questions were inspired by a 2009 article on alcohol consumption and risky behaviors (Hingson et al., 2009) based on responses to a large national survey. The data table BINGE contains summary frequency data calculated from tables provided in the article. We’ll focus on
Scenario: In these questions we return to the NHANES data table containing survey data from a large number of people in the U.S. in 2005. For this analysis, we’ll focus on just the following variables: RIDRETH1: Respondent’s racial or ethnic background DMDMARTL: Respondent’s reported
Scenario: We’ll continue to examine the World Development Indicators data in BirthRate 2005. We’ll focus on three categorical variables in the data table. Region: Global region of the country in question Provider: Source of maternity leave benefits (public, private, or a combination of
Scenario: The data table Sleeping Animals contains information about the sizes, life spans, and sleeping habits of various mammal species. The last few columns are ordinal variables classifying the animals according to their comparative risks of being victimized by predators and the degree to which
Scenario: Since 2003 the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics has been conducting the biennial American Time Use Survey. Census workers use telephone interviews and a complex sampling design to measure the amount of time people devote to various ordinary activities. We have some of the survey data in
Scenario: Despite well-documented health risks, tobacco is used widely throughout the world. The Tobacco data table provides information about the several variables for 133 different nations in 2005, including these: TobaccoUse: Prevalence of tobacco use (%) among adults 18 and older(both
Scenario: High blood pressure continues to be a leading health problem in the U.S.We have a data table (NHANES) containing survey data from a large number of people in the U.S. in 2005. For this analysis, we’ll focus on only the following variables: RIAGENDR: respondent’s gender RIDAGEYR:
Scenario: How do prices of used cars differ, if at all, in different areas of the United States? How do the prices of used cars vary according to the mileage of the cars? Our data table Used Cars contains observational data about the listed prices of three popular compact car models in three
Scenario: We’ll continue to examine the World Development Indicators data in BirthRate 2005. We’ll broaden our analysis to work with other variables in that file: Provider: Source of maternity leave benefits (public, private or a combination of both). Fertil: Average number of births per
Scenario: For many years, it has been understood that tobacco use leads to health problems related to the heart and lungs. The Tobacco Use data table contains recent data about the prevalence of tobacco use and of certain diseases around the world.a. Use an appropriate technique from this chapter
Scenario: Anyone traveling by air understands that there is always some chance of a flight delay. In the United States, the Department of Transportation monitors the arrival and departure time of every flight. The data table Airline Delays contains a sample of nearly 15,000 flights for two airlines
Scenario: When financial analysts want a benchmark for the performance of individual equities (stocks), they often rely on a “broad market index” such as the S&P 500 in the U.S. There are many such indexes in stock markets around the world. One major index on the London Stock Exchange is the
Scenario: The data file called Sleeping Animals contains data about the size, sleep habits, lifespan, and other attributes of different mammalian species.a. Construct box plots for Lifespan and Sleep. For each plot, explain what the landmarks on each plot tell you about the distribution of each
Scenario: Now let’s look at the distribution of life expectancy 25 years before 2010. Return to the original Life Expectancy data table, and choose the subset of observations from 1985.a. Use the Distribution platform to summarize Region and LifeExp for this subset. In a few sentences, describe
Scenario: We’ll continue our analysis of the variation in life expectancy at birth.We’ll begin with the subset of the Life Expectancy file, focusing initially on the 2010 data.a. When we first constructed the Life Exp histogram, we described it as singlepeaked and left-skewed. Use the hand tool
Return to the World Nations data table. Select a stratified random sample of 32 countries, stratifying by Quartile. There are approximately equal numbers of countries within each of the four quartiles; how is this fact reflected in the Sampling Weights?
In later chapters we will work with a data table called Tobacco Use. Open this table and examine the columns and metadata contained within the table. Write a short paragraph describing the contents of the table, explaining how the data were collected (experiment, observation, or survey), and define
In later chapters we will work with a data table called Earthquakes. Open this table and examine the columns and metadata contained within the table. Write a short paragraph describing the contents of the table, explaining how the data were collected (experiment, observation, or survey), and define
In Chapter 3 we will work with a data table called FTSE100. Open this table and examine the columns and metadata contained within the table. Write a short paragraph describing the contents of the table, explaining how the data were collected (experiment, observation, or survey), and define each
Find an Excel spreadsheet file already saved on your computer. Save a copy of it, and rearrange it if necessary into the structure of a JMP data table. Then import it into JMP.
The NHANES data is assembled by scientific researchers (many of them wear white coats). Why don’t we consider this data table to be experimental data?
In the NHANES data table, several nominal variables appear as continuous data within the Columns panel. Find the misclassified variables, and correct them by changing their modeling types to nominal.
Return to the Cement data table. Browse through the column notes, and explain what variables these columns represent:a. Cementb. SPgatec. FineAgg
Use your primary textbook or the daily newspaper to locate a small set of data.Enter the data into a new JMP data table, add appropriate notes, and save.
An installation consists of two boilers and one engine. Let the event A be that the engine is in good condition, while the events B (k = 1, 2) are the events that the kth boiler is in good condition. The event C is that the installation can operate. If the installation is operative whenever the
Suppose that A, B, and C are events such that P(A) = P(B) = P(C) = P(AB) = P(CB) = 0, and P(A nC) Evaluate the probability that at least one of the events A, B, or C occurs.
Suppose that A and B are events for which P(A) = x, P(B) = y, and P(AB) =z. Express each of the following probabilities in terms of x, y, and z. (a) P(AUB) (b) P(A B) (c) P(AUB) (d) P(AB)
A certain type of electric motor fails either by seizure of the bearings, or by burning out of the electric windings, or by wearing out of the brushes. Suppose that seizure is twice as likely as burning out, which is four times as likely as brush wearout. What is the probability that failure will
Theorem 1.3 deals with the probability that at least one of the two events A or B occurs. The following statement deals with the probability that exactly one of the events A or B occurs. Show that [P(AB) U (BA)] = P(A) + P(B) - 2P(A B).
1.13. (a) Show that for any two events, A1 and A2, we have P(A1 U A2) P(41) + P(A2). (b) Show that for any n events A,..., An, we have P(A UUA) P(A1)+.... + P(An). [Hint: Use mathematical induction. The result stated in (b) is called Boole's inequality.]
Prove Theorem
Let A, B, and C be three events associated with an experiment. Express the following verbal statements in set notation. (a) At least one of the events occurs. (b) Exactly one of the events occurs. (c) Exactly two of the events occur. (d) Not more than two of the events occur simultaneously.
During a 24-hour period, at some time X, a switch is put into "ON" position. Subsequently, at some future time Y (still during that same 24-hour period) the switch is put into the "OFF" position. Assume that X and Y are measured in hours on the time axis with the beginning of the time period as the
(a) A box of N light bulbs has r(r X} (c) The second item is twice as heavy as the first item. (d) The first item weighs 10 pounds less than the second item. (e) The average weight of the two items is less than 30 pounds.
Items coming off a production line are marked defective (D) or nondefective (N). Items are observed and their condition listed. This is continued until two consecu- tive defectives are produced or four items have been checked, whichever occurs first. Describe a sample space for this experiment.
Use Venn diagrams to establish the following relationships. (a) ACB and B C C imply that ACC (b) ACB implies that A = AB (c) ACB implies that BCA (d) ACB implies that AUCCBUC (e) AnB and C C A imply that BC= 0
Suppose that the universal set U is given by U = {x|0 x 2). Let the sets A and B be defined as follows: A (x < x < 1) and B = xx
Suppose that the universal set consists of the positive integers from 1 through 10. Let A = (2, 3, 4), B(3, 4, 5}, and C = {5, 6, 7). List the members of the following sets. (a) An B (b) AUB (c) AnB (d) An (BNC) (e) AN (BUC)
A clinic is currently using an expensive, time-consuming, but accurate method of determining the (a,b, c) composition of a certain type of tissue in patients, and has been investigating the possibility of using the tissue specimens to create a response in a certain medium to produce what is
Either use the Doctor’s Trilemma framework of Section 11.5.1 or construct a similar situation of your own. Encourage some of your friends to act as subjects, allowing them to attempt to choose optimum tests at each stage. For each subject construct a H, I, G, S profile and attempt to explain the
One subject presented with the case in Problem 11,3 drew a diagnostic path based on steps leading from the starting probabilities(1/3, 1/3, 1/3) to the following assessments After test Diagnostic assessment ABC 1 0.16 0.58 0.26 2 0.25 0.45 0.30 3 0.17 0.50 0.33 4 0.18 0.48 0.34 5 0.23 0.36 0.41 6
The test results for a new case in the Doctor’s Trilemma exercise of Section 11.7.1 were-+-+--++-+Compute and plot the diagnostic path for this case within an ABC ternary diagram.
Review Section 11.3.4. with the various distribution of lognormal instead of normal form. In what way are the measures of performance altered?
In the process of diagnosing a patient a doctor has reached a stage where she is placing probabilities 0.5, 0.1, 0.4 on the three possible diseases A, B, C. As a next step she has to choose between two tests, 1 and 2, which yield positive or negative results according to the following probability
In a clinical trial comparing the success rates of two treatments for a particular ailment for which there is no existing treatment, treatment 1 has 65 successes and 87 failures, while treatment 2 has 90 successes and 63 failures. What conclusion would you reach about the value of these two
Reconsider the melanoma study from Section 10.5. What are the survival prospects for a 70 year-old female who is most deprived, has a Breslow thickness of < 1 mm and is of histogenetic type acral/mucosal?
Refer to Problem 1.4 and provide a report to the clinic on the effectiveness of the two treatments.
A thyroid clinic is attempting to determine effective doses of a new drug for the treatment of under-active thyroid gland. There is a conjecture that the effective dose of the drug may depend on three indicant measurements of thyroid activity i1, i2, i3. In a study of 18 female and 20 male patients
A clinic believes that three measurements may indicate which of two treatments 1 and 2 would best suit particular patients. To test this hypothesis the clinic has allocated 50 patients at random, 25 to each treatment.The success (1), failure (0) pattern and the indicants are set out below. You are
In a diagnostic problem similar to that of Problem 1.5 a clinic has recorded similar binary and compositional data on 22 patients with form A and 16 patients with form B. Unfortunately there are missing data problems.For some patients some of the symptoms have not been elicited and for some of the
A clinic faced with distinguishing between two forms A and B of a disease, only verifiable at post mortem, is attempting to define an‘expert system’ based on 32 surviving cases. On the basis of assessments by all the available clinicians and on the results of four diagnostic tests the clinic
Refer to Problem 9.4. Clinic C, which has developed an independent differential diagnostic system based on the data below, has contacted clinic A with a view to amalgamating their systems. Again only the methods of recording tests I and II are in doubt, and a calibrative experiment, similar to that
Clinic A has devised a differential diagnostic system between two disease types a and b based on four diagnostic blood tests I - IV conducted on 15 patients with known type a and 17 patients with known typeb. The data (in standard units) on which the system has been based are set out in Table
Refer to Problem 8.3. Suppose that after you have submitted your report to the clinic it becomes obvious that there is some degree of imprecision in the determination of the three-part compositions. How would you go about eliciting the extent of such imprecision and how might you incorporate it
Refer to problem 8.2. You have now been told that the diagnostic tests a-e are not precise but are subject to coefficients of variation of 5, 3, 10, 10 and 5 per cent, respectively. How does this information alter your report to the clinic?
Review and prepare a report on Problem 1.6,and Begg (1976) and a method of updating a diagnostic system using unconfirmed cases is found in Titterington (1976). For further details of the illustration discussed in Section 9.6, see Hermans et al.(1975). The tree analysis of the differential
A special feature of the diagnostic situation in Problem 1.3 is that the feature vector consists of a mixture of binary and compositional data.You are challenged to investigate the differential diagnostic problem and to provide a full report for the clinic.
It is suspected that help in the differential diagnosis of three forms I, II, III of a malignancy may be provided by determination of a threepart composition (a,b, c) of tissue from a biopsy. In the study so far conducted of 36 patients referred to a clinic the percentages of these parts have been
A new syndrome with forms A and B has been discovered.A clinic wishes to avoid the existing long, costly and disturbing process of differential diagnosis and is investigating the possibility of the use of five simple diagnostic tests (a,b, c,d, e) as an alternative to the existing diagnostic
Clinicians are having difficulty in distinguishing between two forms X and Y of a rare blood disease. Certain cells in the blood can be classified as being one of three different types A, B, C and the clinicians hope that this information may help with this form of differential diagnosis. These
A question has arisen as to whether it may be possible to determine the category A or B of an ear infection quickly from seven easily elicited symptoms, s1-s7, rather than delay for a laboratory assessment. Details of the symptoms, present (1) or absent (0), for 25 category A and 20 category B
A clinician is investigating the pattern of hormone levels in patients suffering from two mutually exclusive forms A and B of a hormone imbalance syndrome. The table below (Type 1: healthy, 2: form A, 3: form B) shows the levels (milli-equivalents per litre) of nine hormones H1-H9 in 11 healthy
A thirty-four year old married woman, Mrs R, knows that her great-grandmother on the distaff side (her mother’s mother’s mother) was a carrier of haemophilia because Mrs R had a haemophiliac great uncle. Mrs R has a normal brother and her maternal aunt (her mother’s sister) has two normal
A baby is said to be dysmature if its weight at birth is below a certain level. In an attempt to diagnose during pregnancy whether or not a dysmature baby will be born the biparietal diameter (in cms) of the baby is measured by an ultrasonic technique. Extensive study has shown that at a certain
An inexpensive quick chromatographic method for determining the excretion rate (mg/24hr) of a certain steroid metabolite in urine has been developed. It is hoped that this method may in the future replace the long and costly, though accurate, bioassay technique currently used. The considerable past
A clinic is faced with an unusual situation. For some time it has been deciding on treatment reasonably successfully on the basis of an expensive and slow technique of determining an (a,b, c) blood composition.The clinic now faces the possibility of introducing an autoanalyser for this purpose. A
Refer to Problem 1.2 and prepare a report for the clinic on the questions of dosage assay which have been raised.

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Statistical Concepts And Applications In Clinical Medicine 1st Edition John Aitchison, Jim W. Kay, Ian J. Lauder - Solutions

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