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statistics for experimentert

Introduction To Statistics And Data Analysis 5th Edition Roxy Peck, Chris Olsen, Jay L Devore - Solutions

3.19 The U.S. gasoline tax per gallon data for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia were listed in the article “Paying at the Pump” (AARP Bulletin, June 2010).State Gasoline tax*Alabama 20.9 Alaska 8.0 Arizona 19.0 Arkansas 21.8 California 48.6 Colorado 22.0 Connecticut 42.6
3.17 ● The article “Going Wireless” (AARP Bulletin, June 2009)reported the estimated percentage of households with only wireless phone service (no land line) for the 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia. In the accompanying data table, each state was also classified into one of three
3.16 ● ▼ The National Survey on Drug Use and Health, conducted in 2006 and 2007 by the Office of Applied Studies, led to the following state estimates of the total number of people ages 12 and older who had used a tobacco product within the last month.State Number of People (in
3.15 ● The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services provided the data in the accompanying table in the report “Births: Preliminary Data for 2007” (National Vital Statistics Reports, March 18, 2009). Entries in the table are the birth rates (births per 1,000 of population)for the year
3.14 The article “Fraud, Identity Theft Afflict Consumers” (San Luis Obispo Tribune, February 2, 2005) included the accompanying breakdown of identity theft complaints by type.Type of Complaint Percent of All Complaints Credit card fraud 28 Phone or utilities fraud 19 Bank fraud 18 Employment
3.13 An article about college loans (“New Rules Would Protect Students,” USA Today, June 16, 2010) reported the percentage of students who had defaulted on a student loan within 3 years of when they were scheduled to Relative Frequency Loan Status Public Colleges Private Nonprofit Colleges
3.10 The survey on student attitude toward e-books described in Exercise 3.5 was conducted in 2011.A similar survey was also conducted in 2012 (The Chronicle of Higher Education, August 23, 2013). Data from 1588 students who participated in the 2012 survey are summarized in the accompanying
3.8 The report “Findings from the 2009 Administration of the College Senior Survey” (Higher Education Research Institute, 2010) asked a large number of college seniors how they would rate themselves compared to the average person of their age with respect to physical health. The accompanying
3.7 The article “Housework around the World” (USA Today, September 15, 2009) included the percentage of women who say their spouses never help with household chores for five different countries.Country Percentage Japan 74 France 44 United Kingdom 40 United States 34 Canada 31a. Display the
3.6 The Center for Science in the Public Interest evaluated school cafeterias in 20 school districts across the United States. Each district was assigned a numerical score on the basis of rigor of food codes, frequency of food safety inspections, access to inspection information, and the results of
3.5 College student attitudes about e-books were investigated in a survey of 1625 students. Students were asked to indicate their level of agreement with the following statement:“I would like to be able to get all my textbooks in digital form.”The responses are summarized in the accompanying
3.3 The survey referenced in the previous exercise was conducted by Robert Half Technology. This company issued a press release (“Whistle—But Don’t Tweet—While You Work,” www.roberthalftechnology.com, October 6, 2009) that provided more detail than in the USA Today snapshot graph. The
3.2 The accompanying graphical display is similar to one that appeared in USA Today (October 22, 2009).It summarizes survey responses to a question about whether visiting social networking sites is allowed at work. Which of the graph types introduced in this section is used to display the
3.1 Each person in a nationally representative sample of 1252 young adults age 23 to 28 years old was asked how they viewed their “financial physique”(“2009 Young Adults & Money Survey Findings,” Charles Schwab, 2009). “Toned and fit” was chosen by 18%of the respondents, while 55%
●● construct and interpret a time series plot.
●● construct and interpret a scatterplot of bivariate numerical data.
●● construct and interpret graphical displays designed to compare groups:comparative bar charts and comparative stem-and-leaf displays.
●● construct and interpret graphical displays of numerical data: stem-and-leaf displays, histograms, and relative frequency graphs.
●● construct and interpret graphical displays of categorical data: pie charts and segmented bar charts.
●● how time series plots are used to investigate trend over time.Students will be able to:
●● how a scatterplot is used to investigate the relationship between two numerical variables.
●● how a graphical display of numerical data is described in terms of center, shape, and spread.
●● that selecting an appropriate graphical display depends on the data type(categorical or numerical) and whether or not the purpose of the display is to compare groups.
2.77 You have been asked to determine on what types of grasslands two species of birds, northern harriers and short-eared owls, build nests. The types of grasslands to be used include undisturbed native grasses, managed native grasses, undisturbed nonnative grasses, and managed nonnative grasses.
2.73 According to the article “Effect of Preparation Methods on Total Fat Content, Moisture Content, and Sensory Characteristics of Breaded Chicken Nuggets and Beef Steak Fingers” (Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal [1999]: 18–27), sensory tests were conducted using 40 college
2.66 The article “I’d Like to Buy a Vowel, Drivers Say” (USA Today, August 7, 2001) speculates that young people prefer automobile names that consist of just numbers and/or letters that do not form a word (such as Hyundai’s XG300, Mazda’s 626, and BMW’s 325i).The article goes on to
2.64 The article “Rethinking Calcium Supplements” (U.S.Airways Magazine, October 2010) describes a study investigating whether taking calcium supplements increases the risk of heart attack. Consider the following four study descriptions. For each study, answer the following five
9. Using the results of the previous steps, evaluate the success of this random assignment strategy. Write a short paragraph explaining to the researchers whether or not they should use the proposed strategy for random assignment and why.
8. Using the values from Step (7), construct a dotplot of each of the following: the proportion of females in the medicine group, the average age of those assigned to the medicine group, and the average age of those assigned to the hyperbaric chamber group.
7. Record the proportion of females in the medicine group, the average age of those assigned to the medicine group, and the average age of those assigned to the hyperbaric chamber group obtained by each student on your class.
6. Compute the average age of those assigned to the medicine group. How does it compare to the average age for the other treatment group?
5. Construct two dotplots—one of the ages of those assigned to the medicine treatment and one of the ages of those assigned to the hyperbaric chamber treatment. Are the age distributions for the two groups similar?
4. Compute the proportion of females in the medicine group. How does this proportion compare to the proportion of females in the entire group of 18 subjects?
3. Looking at which climbers were assigned to each of the two groups, do you feel that this method worked well? Why or why not?
2. Implement your strategy in Step (1), assigning treatments to climbers 1–18.
1. Describe how you would implement a strategy equivalent to the one proposed by the researchers.Your plan should assign the treatments M (medicine)and H (hyperbaric chamber) to these climbers as they appear at the ranger station.
4. After evaluating your proposed design, are there any changes you would like to make to your design?Explain.
3. At the end of Section 2.3 there are 10 questions that can be used to evaluate an experimental design.Answer these 10 questions for the design proposed in Step 2.
2. Propose an experiment that would provide data to address the question from Step 1. Be specific about how subjects might be selected, what the experimental conditions (treatments) would be, and what response would be measured.
1. Working with a partner, select one of the areas of potential research suggested in the passage from the paper and formulate a specific question that could be addressed by performing an experiment.
2. Do you think it would be possible to collect data that could lead to an estimate of the average burger size that would be better than 2.4 oz.? If so, explain how you would recommend collecting such data. If not, explain why you think it is not possible.
1. The authors of the article believe that the use of 2.4 oz. as the average size of a burger sold at McDonald’s is “conservative,” which would result in the estimate of 992.25 million pounds of saturated fat being lower than the actual amount that would be consumed. Explain why the
4. Explain your plan to another pair of students. Ask them to critique your plan. Write a brief summary of the comments you received. Now reverse roles, and provide a critique of the plan devised by the other pair.5. Based on the feedback you received in Step 4, would you modify your original
3. With your partner, decide how you might go about selecting a sample of 50 students from your school that reasonably could be considered representative of the population of interest even if it may not be a simple random sample. Write a brief description of your sampling plan, and point out the
2. Discuss with your partner whether you think it would be easy or difficult to obtain a simple random sample of 50 students at your school and to obtain the desired information from all the students selected for the sample. Write a summary of your discussion.
1. Suppose you will select a sample of 50 students at your school to participate in a survey. Write one or more questions that you would ask each student in the sample.
2.63 An article titled “I Said, Not While You Study: Science Suggests Kids Can’t Study and Groove at the Same Time” appeared in the Washington Post (September 5, 2006). This provides an example of a reporter summarizing the result of a scientific study in a way that is designed to make it
2.61 The article “Effects of Too Much TV Can Be Undone”(USA Today, October 1, 2007) included the following paragraph:Researchers at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health report that it’s not only how many hours children spend in front of the TV, but at what age they watch that
2.60 The following paragraph appeared in USA Today(August 6, 2009):Cement doesn’t hold up to scrutiny A common treatment that uses medical cement to fix cracks in the spinal bones of elderly people worked no better than a sham treatment, the first rigorous studies of a popular procedure reveal.
3. Was blocking used? If so, how were the blocks created? If an experiment uses blocking to create groups of homogeneous experimental units, you should describe the criteria used to create the blocks and their rationale. For example, you might say something like “Subjects were divided into two
2. Were any extraneous variables directly controlled by holding them at fixed values throughout the experiment? If so, which ones and at which values?
1. What is the role of random assignment? All good experiments use random assignment as a means of coping with the effects of potentially confounding variables that cannot easily be directly controlled. When describing an experimental design, you should be clear about how random assignment
3. What are potential sources of bias, and is it likely that any of these will have a substantial effect on the observed results? When describing an observational study, you should acknowledge that you are aware of potential sources of bias and explain any steps that were taken to minimize their
2. How were the individuals or objects in the sample actually selected? A description of the sampling method helps the reader to make judgments about whether the sample can reasonably be viewed as representative of the population of interest.
1. What is the population of interest? What is the sampled population? Are these two populations the same? If the sampled population is only a subset of the population of interest, undercoverage limits our ability to generalize to the population of interest. For example, if the population of
2.55 Suppose that the researchers who carried out the experiment described in the previous exercise thought that gender might be a potentially confounding variable.If 700 of the children participating in the experiment were girls and 630 were boys, describe how blocking could be incorporated into
2.54 The article “Yes That Miley Cyrus Biography Helps Learning” (The Globe and Mail, August 5, 2010) describes an experiment investigating whether providing summer reading books to low-income children would affect school performance. Subjects in the experiment were 1330 children randomly
2.53 The article “Placebos Are Getting More Effective. Drug Makers Are Desperate to Know Why.” (Wired Magazine, August 8, 2009) states that “according to research, the color of a tablet can boost the effectiveness even of genuine meds—or help convince a patient that a placebo is a potent
2.51 ▼ Swedish researchers concluded that viewing and discussing art soothes the soul and helps relieve medical conditions such as high blood pressure and constipation (AFP International News Agency, October 14, 2005). This conclusion was based on a study in which 20 elderly women gathered once a
2.49 Explain why blinding is a reasonable strategy in many experiments.
2.48 Explain why some studies include both a control group and a placebo treatment. What additional comparisons are possible if both a control group and a placebo group are included?
2.45 The paper “Turning to Learn: Screen Orientation and Reasoning from Small Devices” (Computers in Human Behavior [2011]: 793–797) describes a study that investigated whether cell phones with small screens are useful for gathering information. The researchers wondered if the ability to
2.43 Construct a diagram to represent the gasoline additive experiment described on pages 49–50.
2.42 Construct a diagram to represent the subliminal messages experiment of Example 2.5.
2.38 The Institute of Psychiatry at Kings College London found that dealing with “infomania” has a temporary, but significant derogatory effect on IQ (Discover, November 2005). Researchers divided volunteers into two groups. Each subject took an IQ test. One group had to check e-mail and
2.37 The report “Comparative Study of Two Computer Mouse Designs” (Cornell Human Factors Laboratory Technical Report RP7992) included the following description of the subjects used in an experiment:Twenty-four Cornell University students and staff (12 males and 12 females) volunteered to
2.35 According to the article “Rubbing Hands Together Under Warm Air Dryers Can Counteract Bacteria Reduction” (Infectious Disease News, September 22, 2010) washing your hands isn’t enough—good “hand hygiene” also includes drying hands thoroughly. The article described an experiment to
2.34 A study of college students showed a temporary gain of up to 9 IQ points after listening to a Mozart piano sonata. This conclusion, dubbed the Mozart effect, has since been criticized by a number of researchers who have been unable to confirm the result in similar studies. Suppose that you
2.33 The head of the quality control department at a printing company would like to carry out an experiment to determine which of three different glues results in the greatest binding strength. Although they are not of interest in the current investigation, other factors thought to affect binding
2.29 The financial aid advisor of a university plans to use a stratified random sample to estimate the average amount of money that students spend on textbooks each term. For each of the following proposed stratification schemes, discuss whether it would be worthwhile to stratify the university
2.23 The authors of the paper “Digital Inequality: Differences in Young Adults’ Use of the Internet” (Communication Research [2008]: 602–621) were interested in determining if people with higher levels of education use the Internet in different ways than those who do not have as much formal
2.22 In 2000, the chairman of a California ballot initiative campaign to add “none of the above” to the list of ballot options in all candidate races was quite critical of a Field poll that showed his measure trailing by 10 percentage points. The poll was based on a random sample of 1000
2.21 A sample of pages from this book is to be obtained, and the number of words on each selected page will be determined. For the purposes of this exercise, equations are not counted as words and a number is counted as a word only if it is spelled out—that is, ten is counted as a word, but 10 is
2.20 Briefly explain why it is advisable to avoid the use of convenience samples.
2.17 The article “Teenage Physical Activity Reduces Risk of Cognitive Impairment in Later Life” (Journal of the American Geriatrics Society [2010]) describes a study of more than 9000 women from Maryland, Minnesota, Oregon, and Pennsylvania. The women were asked about their physical activity as
2.16 The article “Bicyclists and Other Cyclists” (Annals of Emergency Medicine [2010]: 426) reported that in 2008, there were 716 bicyclists killed on public roadways in the United States, and that the average age of the cyclists killed was 41 years. These figures were based on an analysis of
2.12 Does living in the South cause high blood pressure?Data from a group of 6278 whites and blacks questioned in the Third National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey between 1988 and 1994 indicates that a greater percentage of Southerners have high blood pressure than do people in any
2.11 ▼ A survey of affluent Americans (those with incomes of $75,000 or more) indicated that 57%would rather have more time than more money(USA Today, January 29, 2003).a. What condition on how the data were collected would make the generalization from the sample to the population of affluent
2.6 The article “Display of Health Risk Behaviors on MySpace by Adolescents” (Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine [2009]: 27–34) described a study in which researchers looked at a random sample of 500 publicly accessible MySpace web profiles posted by 18-year-olds. The content of
2.5 The article “Acupuncture for Bad Backs: Even Sham Therapy Works” (Time, May 12, 2009) summarized a study conducted by researchers at the Group Health Center for Health Studies in Seattle. In this study, 638 adults with back pain were randomly assigned to one of four groups. People in group
2.4 ▼ The article “Television’s Value to Kids: It’s All in How They Use It” (Seattle Times, July 6, 2005)described a study in which researchers analyzed habits of 1700 children. They found that children who averaged more than 2 hours of television viewing per day when they were younger
●● design a randomized block experiment.
●● design a completely randomized experiment.
●● describe a procedure for randomly assigning subjects to treatments in an experiment.
●● distinguish between simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, systematic sampling, and convenience sampling.
●● select a simple random sample from a given population.
●● distinguish between selection bias, measurement or response bias, and nonresponse bias.
●● the purposes of a control group and blinding in an experiment.Students will be able to:
●● why random assignment is important when collecting data in an experiment.
●● why random selection is an important component of a sampling plan.
●● that bias may be present when data are collected from a sample.
●● that the types of conclusions that can be drawn from data depend on the way data were collected.
4. Click OK
3. Click and drag the column name containing your stored data from the box under Select Columns to the box next to Categories, X, Levels
2. Click Graph and select Chart
1. Enter the raw data into a column (Note: To open a new data table, click File then select New then Data Table)
1.37 Many adolescent boys aspire to be professional athletes. The paper “Why Adolescent Boys Dream of Becoming Professional Athletes” (Psychological Reports[1999]:1075–1085) examined some of the reasons.Each boy in a sample of teenage boys was asked the following question: “Previous studies
1.36 Each year, U.S. News and World Report publishes a ranking of U.S. business schools. The following data give the acceptance rates (percentage of applicants admitted) for the best 25 programs in a recent survey:16.3 12.0 25.1 20.3 31.9 20.7 30.1 19.5 36.2 46.9 25.8 36.7 33.8 24.2 21.5 35.1 37.6
1.35 The article “Just How Safe Is That Jet?” (USA Today, March 13, 2000) gave the following relative frequency distribution that summarized data on the type of violation for ﬁnes imposed on airlines by the Federal Aviation Administration:Type of Violation Relative Frequency Security 0.43
1.34 ▼ The Computer Assisted Assessment Center at the University of Luton published a report titled“Technical Review of Plagiarism Detection Software.”The authors of this report asked faculty at academic institutions about the extent to which they agreed with the statement “Plagiarism is a

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