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statistics for experimentert

Introduction To Statistics And Data Analysis 5th Edition Roxy Peck, Chris Olsen, Jay L Devore - Solutions

4.26 Give two sets of ﬁve numbers that have the same mean but different standard deviations, and give two sets of ﬁve numbers that have the same standard deviation but different means.
4.25 The accompanying data on number of minutes used for cell phone calls in 1 month was generated to be consistent with summary statistics published in a report of a marketing study of San Diego residents(TeleTruth, March 2009):189 0 189 177 106 201 0 212 0 306 0 0 59 224 0 189 142 83 71 165 236 0
4.24 The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (referenced in the previous exercise) also gave bumper repair costs in a study of six models of minivans(December 30, 2007). Write a few sentences describing how mini- and micro-cars and minivans differ with respect to typical bumper repair cost and
4.23 The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (www.iihs.org, June 11, 2009) published data on repair costs for cars involved in different types of accidents.In one study, seven different models of mini- and micro-cars were driven at 6 mph straight into a fixed barrier. The following table gives
4.22 The paper referenced in the previous exercise also gave data on the actual amount poured (in ml) into a short, wide glass for bartenders who were asked to pour 44.3 ml (1.5 ounces).89.2 68.6 32.7 37.4 39.6 46.8 66.1 79.2 66.3 52.1 47.3 64.4 53.7 63.2 46.4 63.0 92.4 57.8a. Compute and interpret
4.21 The accompanying data are consistent with summary statistics that appeared in the paper “Shape of Glass and Amount of Alcohol Poured: Comparative Study of Effect of Practice and Concentration” (British Medical Journal [2005]: 1512–1514). Data represent the actual amount poured (in ml)
4.20 The paper “Caffeinated Energy Drinks—A Growing Problem” (Drug and Alcohol Dependence [2009]: 1–10)gave the accompanying data on caffeine per ounce for eight top-selling energy drinks and for 11 highcaffeine energy drinks:Top-Selling Energy Drinks 9.6 10.0 10.0 9.0 10.9 8.9 9.5 9.1
4.19 Combining the cost-per-serving data for high-fiber cereals rated very good and those rated good from the previous exercise gives the following data set:46 49 62 41 19 77 71 30 53 53 67 43 48 28 54a. Compute the quartiles and the interquartile range for this combined data set. (Hint: See
4.18 Cost per serving (in cents) for six high-fiber cereals rated very good and for nine high-fiber cereals rated good by Consumer Reports are shown below. Write a few sentences describing how these two data sets differ with respect to center and variability. Use summary statistics to support your
4.17 The following data are costs (in cents) per ounce for nine different brands of sliced Swiss cheese (www.consumerreports.org):29 62 37 41 70 82 47 52 49a. Compute the variance and standard deviation for this data set. (Hint: See Example 4.8.)b. If a very expensive cheese with a cost per slice
4.15 A study of the lifetime (in hours) for a certain brand of light bulb involved putting 10 light bulbs into operation and observing them for 1000 hours. Eight of the light bulbs failed during that period, and those lifetimes were recorded. The lifetimes of the two light bulbs still functioning
4.14 Suppose that 10 patients with meningitis received treatment with large doses of penicillin. Three days later, temperatures were recorded, and the treatment was considered successful if there had been a reduction in a patient’s temperature. Denoting success by S and failure by F, the 10
4.13 ▼ A sample consisting of four pieces of luggage was selected from among those checked at an airline counter, yielding the following data on x 5 weight(in pounds):x1 5 33.5, x2 5 27.3, x3 5 36.7, x4 5 30.5 Suppose that one more piece is selected and denote its weight by x5. Find a value of x5
4.12 Consider the following statement: More than 65%of the residents of Los Angeles earn less than the average wage for that city. Could this statement be correct? If so, how? If not, why not?
4.10 The ministry of Health and Long-Term Care in Ontario, Canada, publishes information on its web site (www.health.gov.on.ca) on the time that patients must wait for various medical procedures. For two cardiac procedures completed in fall of 2005, the following information was provided:Number of
4.9 The U.S. Department of Transportation reported the number of speeding-related crash fatalities for the 20 days of the year that had the highest number of these fatalities between 1994 and 2003 (Traffic Safety Facts, July 2005).Date Speeding-Related Fatalities Date Speeding-Related Fatalities
4.7 USA Today (May 9, 2006) published the accompanying average weekday circulation for the 6-month period ending March 31, 2006, for the top 20 newspapers in the country:2,272,815 2,049,786 1,142,464 851,832 724,242 708,477 673,379 579,079 513,387 438,722 427,771 398,329 398,246 397,288 365,011
4.6 The accompanying data on number of minutes used for cell phone calls in one month was generated to be consistent with summary statistics published in a report of a marketing study of San Diego residents(TeleTruth, March 2009):189 0 189 177 106 201 0 212 0 306 0 0 59 224 0 189 142 83 71 165 236
4.5 In August 2009, Harris Interactive released the results of the “Great Schools” survey. In this survey, 1086 parents of children attending a public or private school were asked approximately how much time they spent volunteering at school per month over the last school year.For this sample,
4.4 Consumer Reports Health (www.consumerreports.org/health) reported the sodium content (mg) per 2 tablespoon serving for each of 11 different peanut butters:120 50 140 120 150 150 150 65 170 250 110a. Display these data using a dotplot. Comment on any unusual features of the plot.b. Compute the
4.3 ● Consumer Reports Health (www.consumerreports.org/health) reported the accompanying caffeine concentration(mg/cup) for 12 brands of coffee:Coffee Brand Caffeine Concentration(mg/cup)Eight O’Clock 140 Caribou 195 Kickapoo 155 Starbucks 115 Bucks Country Coffee Co. 195 Archer Farms 180
4.2 The article “Caffeinated Energy Drinks—A Growing Problem” (Drug and Alcohol Dependence [2009]: 1–10)gave the following data on caffeine concentration(mg/ounce) for eight top-selling energy drinks:Energy Drink Caffeine Concentration(mg/oz)Red Bull 9.6 Monster 10.0 Rockstar 10.0 Full
4.1 The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (www.iihs.org, June 11, 2009) published data on repair costs for cars involved in different types of accidents. In one study, seven different 2009 models of mini- and micro-cars were driven at 6 mph straight into a fixed barrier. The following table
●● use percentiles and z scores to describe relative standing.
●● use Chebyshev’s Rule and the Empirical Rule to make statements about a data distribution.
●● identify outliers in numerical data.
●● construct and interpret a boxplot.
●● compute and interpret the values of the sample standard deviation and the interquartile range.
●● compute and interpret the values of the sample mean and the sample median.
●● the difference between a sample statistic and a population characteristic.Students will be able to:
●● the impact that outliers can have on measures of center and spread.
●● how the variance and standard deviation describe variability in a data set.
CR3.13 How does the speed of a runner vary over the course of a marathon (a distance of 42.195 km)? Consider determining both the time (in seconds) to run the first 5 km and the time (in seconds) to run between the 35 km and 40 km points, and then subtracting the 5-km time from the 35–40-km time.
CR3.12 The paper “Lessons from Pacemaker Implantations”(Journal of the American Medical Association [1965]: 231–232) gave the results of a study that followed 89 heart patients who had received electronic pacemakers. The time (in months) to the first electrical malfunction of the pacemaker
CR3.11 The article “Determination of Most Representative Subdivision” (Journal of Energy Engineering [1993]: 43–55)gave data on various characteristics of subdivisions that could be used in deciding whether to provide electrical power using overhead lines or underground lines. Data on the
CR3.10 A poll conducted by the Associated Press–Ipsos on public attitudes found that most Americans are convinced that political corruption is a major problem (San Luis Obispo Tribune, December 9, 2005). In the poll, 1002 adults were surveyed. Two of the questions and the summarized responses to
CR3.9 Students in California are required to pass an exit exam in order to graduate from high school. The pass rate for San Luis Obispo High School has been rising, as have the rates for San Luis Obispo County and the state of California(San Luis Obispo Tribune, August 17, 2004). The percentage of
CR3.3 Sometimes samples are composed entirely of volunteer responders. Give a brief description of the dangers of using voluntary response samples.
CR3.1 Does eating broccoli reduce the risk of prostate cancer? According to an observational study from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (see the CNN.com web site article titled “Broccoli, Not Pizza Sauce, Cuts Cancer Risk, Study Finds,” January 5, 2000), men who ate more cruciferous
3.71 ● Americium 241 (241Am) is a radioactive material used in the manufacture of smoke detectors. The article“Retention and Dosimetry of Injected 241Am in Beagles”(Radiation Research [1984]: 564–575) described a study in which 55 beagles were injected with a dose of 241Am (proportional to
3.70 ● Many nutritional experts have expressed concern about the high levels of sodium in prepared foods. The following data on sodium content (in milligrams) per frozen meal appeared in the article“Comparison of ‘Light’ Frozen Meals” (Boston Globe, April 24, 1991):720 530 800 690 880
3.69 ● Living-donor kidney transplants are becoming more common. Often a living donor has chosen to donate a kidney to a relative with kidney disease.The following data appeared in a USA Today article on organ transplants (“Kindness Motivates Newest Kidney Donors,” June 19, 2002):Year Number
3.67 ● 2005 was a record year for hurricane devastation in the United States (San Luis Obispo Tribune, November 30, 2005). Of the 26 tropical storms and hurricanes in the season, four hurricanes hit the mainland:Dennis, Katrina, Rita, and Wilma. The United States’insured catastrophic losses
3.66 “If you were taking a new job and had your choice of a boss, would you prefer to work for a man or a woman?” That was the question posed to individuals in a sample of 576 employed adults (Gallup at a Glance, October 16, 2002). Responses are summarized in the following table:Response
3.65 The article “The Healthy Kids Survey: A Look at the Findings”(San Luis Obispo Tribune, October 25, 2002) gave the accompanying information for a sample of fifth graders in San Luis Obispo County. Responses are to the question:“After school, are you home alone without adult
3.64 ● The accompanying data on household expenditures on transportation for the United Kingdom appeared in “Transport Statistics for Great Britain: 2002 Edition” (in Family Spending: A Report on the Family Expenditure Survey [The Stationary Office, 2002]). Expenditures (in pounds per
3.63 ● The article “Tobacco and Alcohol Use in G-Rated Children’s Animated Films” (Journal of the American Medical Association [1999]: 1131–1136) reported exposure to tobacco and alcohol use in all G-rated animated films released between 1937 and 1997 by five major film studios. The
3.61 According to the National Association of Home Builders, the average size of a home in 1950 was 983 ft2. The average size increased to 1500 ft2 in 1970, 2080 ft2 in 1990; and 2330 ft2 in 2003(San Luis Obispo Tribune, October 16, 2005).a. Construct a time series plot that shows how the average
3.60 ● The National Telecommunications and Information Administration published a report titled “Falling Through the Net: Toward Digital Inclusion” (U.S. Department of Commerce, October 2000) that included the following information on access to computers in the home:Year Percentage of
3.59 Does the size of a transplanted organ matter? A study that attempted to answer this question (“Minimum Graft Size for Successful Living Donor Liver Transplantation,”Transplantation [1999]:1112–1116) presented a scatterplot much like the following (“graft weight ratio” is the weight
3.58 ● People suffering from Alzheimer’s disease often have difficulty performing basic activities of daily living (ADLs). In one study (“Functional Status and Clinical Findings in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease,”Journal of Gerontology [1992]: 177–182), investigators focused on six
3.57 ● The article “A Nation Ablaze with Change” (USA Today, July 3, 2001) gave the accompanying data on percentage increase in population between 1990 and 2000 for the 50 U.S. states. Also provided in the table is a column that indicates for each state whether the state is in the eastern or
3.56 The stem-and-leaf display of Exercise 3.55 uses only four stems. Construct a stem-and-leaf display for these data using repeated stems 1H, 2L, 2H, . . . , 4L.For example, the first observation, 29, would have a stem of 2 and a leaf of 9. It would be entered into the display for the stem 2H,
3.54 The report referenced in Exercise 3.53 also gave average math SAT scores for the three language groups, as shown in the following table.First Language Learned Average Math SAT English 521 English and another language 513 A language other than English 521a. Construct a comparative bar chart for
3.53 Each year the College Board publishes a profile of students taking the SAT. In the report “2005 College Bound Seniors: Total Group Profile Report,” the average SAT scores were reported for three groups defined by first language learned. Use the data in the accompanying table to construct a
3.52 The article “Most Smokers Wish They Could Quit”(Gallup Poll Analyses, November 21, 2002) noted that smokers and nonsmokers perceive the risks of smoking differently. The accompanying relative frequency table summarizes responses regarding the perceived harm of smoking for each of three
6. Explain why looking at the distribution of the differences(Step 5) provides more information than the comparative stem-and-leaf display (Step 4). What information is lost in the comparative display that is retained in the display of the differences?
5. For each observation in the data set, compute the difference dominant-hand count 2 nondominant-hand count Construct a stem-and-leaf display of the differences.Comment on the interesting features of this display.
4. Now construct a comparative stem-and-leaf display that allows you to compare dominant-hand count to nondominant-hand count. Does the display support the theory that dominant-hand count tends to be higher than nondominant-hand count?
3. Using the class data set, construct a comparative stem-and-leaf display with the right-hand counts displayed on the right and the left-hand counts displayed on the left of the stem-and-leaf display.Comment on the interesting features of the display and include a comparison of the right-hand
2. Create a class data set by recording the values of the three variables listed in Step 1 for each student in your class.
1. Flip a coin to determine which hand you will measure first. If the coin lands heads side up, start with the right hand. If the coin lands tails side up, start with the left hand. With the designated hand, reach into the bowl and grab as many beans as possible.Raise the hand over the bowl and
10. Would you be comfortable generalizing your conclusions in Step 8 to the population of students at your school? Explain why or why not.
9. Write a paragraph commenting on the level of knowledge of U.S. geography demonstrated by the students participating in this study.
8. Which state, Vermont or Nebraska, is closer to the state in which your school is located? Based on the pie chart, do you think that the students at your school were better able to identify the state that was closer than the one that was farther away? Justify your answer.
7. Construct a comparative bar chart that shows the proportion correct and the proportion incorrect for each of the two states considered.
6. What proportion of sampled students were able to correctly identify Nebraska on the map?
5. What proportion of sampled students were able to correctly identify Vermont on the map?
4. Construct a pie chart that summarizes the data in the table from Step 3.
3. When the data collection process is complete, summarize the resulting data in a table like the one shown here:Response Frequency Correctly identified both states Correctly identified Vermont but not Nebraska Correctly identified Nebraska but not Vermont Did not correctly identify either state
2. Use the sampling method from Step 1 to obtain the subjects for this study. Subjects should be shown the accompanying map of the United States and asked to point out the state of Vermont. After the subject has given his or her answer, ask the subject to point out the state of Nebraska. For each
1. Working as a class, decide how you will select a sample that you think will be representative of the students from your school.
3.51 Explain why the following graphical display (similar to one appearing in USA Today, September 17, 2009) is misleading.
3.49 The two graphical displays below are similar to ones that appeared in USA Today (June 8, 2009 and July 28, 2009). One is an appropriate representation and the other is not. For each of the two, explain why it is or is not drawn appropriately.
3.48 The accompanying graph is similar to one that appeared in USA Today (August 5, 2008). This graph is a modified comparative bar graph. Most likely, the modifications (incorporating hands and the earth)were made to try to make a display that readers would find more interesting.a. Use the
3.46 The accompanying comparative bar chart is from the report “More and More Teens on Cell Phones”(Pew Research Center, www.pewresearch.org, August 19, 2009).
3.45 The accompanying time series plot of movie box office totals (in millions of dollars) over 18 weeks of summer for both 2001 and 2002 is similar to one that appeared in USA Today (September 3, 2002):Patterns that tend to repeat on a regular basis over time are called seasonal patterns. Describe
3.44 The report “Trends in Higher Education’ (www.collegeboard.com) gave the accompanying data on smoking rates for people age 25 and older by education level.Percent Who Smoke Year Not a High School Graduate High School Graduate but No College Some College Bachelor's Degree or Higher 1960 44
3.43 ● The article “Cities Trying to Rejuvenate Recycling Efforts” (USA Today, October 27, 2006) states that the amount of waste collected for recycling has grown slowly in recent years. This statement was supported by the data in the accompanying table. Use these data to construct a time
3.42 ● The accompanying table gives the cost and an overall quality rating for 10 different brands of men’s athletic shoes and nine different brands of women’s athletic shoes (www.consumerreports.org).Cost Rating Type 65 71 Men’s 45 70 Men’s 45 62 Men’s 80 59 Men’s 110 58 Men’s 110
3.41 ● The accompanying table gives the cost and an overall quality rating for 15 different brands of bike helmets (www.consumerreports.org).Cost Rating 35 65 20 61 30 60 40 55 50 54 23 47 30 47 18 43 40 42 28 41 20 40 25 32 30 63 30 63 40 53a. Construct a scatterplot using y 5 quality rating and
3.40 The report “Wireless Substitution: Early Release of Estimates from the National Health Interview Survey” (Center for Disease Control, 2009) gave the following estimates of the percentage of homes in the United States that had only wireless phone service at 6-month intervals from June 2005
3.39 ● Consumer Reports Health (www.consumerreports.org)gave the accompanying data on saturated fat (in grams), sodium (in mg), and calories for 36 fast-food items.Fat Sodium Calories 2 1042 268 5 921 303 3 250 260 2 770 660 1 635 180 6 440 290 4.5 490 290 5 1160 360 3.5 970 300 1 1120 315 2 350
3.38 The accompanying table gives data from a survey of new car owners conducted by J.D. Power and Associates (USA Today, June 16 and July 17, 2010). For each brand of car sold in the United States, data on a quality rating (defects per 100 cars, so lower numbers indicate higher quality) and a
3.36 Construct a histogram corresponding to each of the five frequency distributions, I–V, given in the following table, and state whether each histogram is symmetric, bimodal, positively skewed, or negatively skewed:Frequency Class Interval I II III IV V 0 to ,10 5 40 30 15 6 10 to ,20 10 25 10
3.34 The authors of the paper “Myeloma in Patients Younger than Age 50 Years Presents with More Favorable Features and Shows Better Survival” (Blood [2008]: 4039–4047)studied patients who had been diagnosed with stage 2 multiple myeloma prior to the age of 50. For each patient who received
3.33 Use the relative frequency distribution constructed in Exercise 3.32 to answer the following questions.a. Construct a cumulative relative frequency plot for the Medford rainfall data.b. Use the cumulative relative frequency plot of Part (a) to answer the following questions:i. Approximately
3.32 ● Example 3.19 used annual rainfall data for Albuquerque, New Mexico, to construct a relative frequency distribution and cumulative relative frequency plot. The National Climate Data Center also gave the accompanying annual rainfall (in inches) for Medford, Oregon, from 1950 to 2008.28.84
3.31 The accompanying frequency distribution summarizes data on the number of times smokers who had successfully quit smoking attempted to quit before their final successful attempt (“Demographic Variables, Smoking Variables, and Outcome Across Five Studies,” Health Psychology [2007]:
3.29 The report “Trends in College Pricing 2012” (www.collegeboard.com) included the information in the accompanying relative frequency distributions for public and for private not-for-profit four-year college students.Public Four-Year College Students Private Notfor-Profit Four-Year College
3.28 ● U.S. Census data for San Luis Obispo County, California, were used to construct the following frequency distribution for commute time (in minutes)of working adults (the given frequencies were read from a graph that appeared in the San Luis Obispo Tribune [September 1, 2002] and so are only
3.27 The following two relative frequency distributions are based on data that appeared in The Chronicle of Higher Education (August 23, 2013). The data are from a survey of students at four-year colleges that was conducted in 2012. One relative frequency distribution is for the number of hours
3.26 ● Medicare’s new medical plans offer a wide range of variations and choices for seniors when picking a drug plan (San Luis Obispo Tribune, November 25, 2005). The monthly cost for a stand-alone drug plan varies from plan to plan and from state to state. The accompanying table gives the
3.25 ● The data in the accompanying table represents the percentage of workers who are members of a union for each U.S. state and the District of Columbia (AARP Bulletin, September 2009).State % of Workers who Belong to a Union Alabama 9.8 Alaska 23.5 Arizona 8.8 Arkansas 5.9 California 18.4
3.24 ● The accompanying relative frequency table is based on data from the 2012 College Bound Seniors Report for California.Score on SAT Critical Reading Exam Relative Frequency for Males Relative Frequency for Females 200 to < 300 .037 .031 300 to < 400 .151 .161 400 to < 500 .307 .329 500 to <
3.23 ● The accompanying data on annual maximum wind speed (in meters per second) in Hong Kong for each year in a 45-year period were given in an article that appeared in the journal Renewable Energy(March, 2007).30.3 39.0 33.9 38.6 44.6 31.4 26.7 51.9 31.9 27.2 52.9 45.8 63.3 36.0 64.0 31.4 42.2
3.22 The data in the accompanying table are from The Chronicle of Higher Education (August 23, 2013). Entries in the table are the number of people enrolled in college in 2011 per 100,000 people for 39 countries. For example, in the United States, there were 6585 college students for every 100,000
1. One solution is to use repeated stems. Consider a scheme that divides the leaf range into five parts: 0 and 1, 2 and 3, 4 and 5, 6 and 7, and 8 and 9. Then, for example, stem 0 could be repeated as 0 with leaves 0 and 1 0t with leaves 2 and 3 0f with leaves 4 and 5 0s with leaves 6 and 7 0* with
3.21 ● The percentage of teens not in school or working in 2010 for the 50 states were given in the 2012 Kids Count Data Book (www.aecf.org) and are shown in the following table:State Rate Alabama 11%Alaska 11%Arizona 12%Arkansas 12%California 8%Colorado 7%Connecticut 5%Delaware 9%Florida
3.20 ● ▼ A report from Texas Transportation Institute (Texas A&M University System, 2005) titled “Congestion Reduction Strategies” included the accompanying data on extra travel time for peak travel time in hours per year per traveler for different-sized urban areas.Very Large Urban Areas

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