Coldwell et al. (2006) investigated whether household chaos predicted children’s problem behaviour over and above parenting. From 118 families they recorded the age and gender of the youngest child (child_age and child_ gender). They measured dimensions of the child’s perceived relationship with their mum: (1) warmth/enjoyment (child_warmth) and (2) anger/hostility (child_ anger). Higher scores indicate more warmth/enjoyment and anger/hostility respectively. They measured the mum’s perceived relationship with her child, resulting in dimensions of positivity (mum_pos) and negativity (mum_neg).