Environment 9th edition Peter H. Raven, David M. Hassenzahl, Mary Catherine Hager, Nancy Y. Gift, Linda R. Berg - Solutions

Based on what you’ve read in this chapter and the information on environmental economics in Chapter 2, explain how a global market for CO2 permits would function.
What aspects of adaptation to global climate change would be easier for highly developed nations, and which for developing nations? Explain.
Suggest some ways in which seasonal changes in plant growth in Canada might affect songbirds in Mexico.
What effect has increased evaporation due to climate change had on regional weather patterns?
What two factors contribute to sea-level rise?
What are climate models? What inputs are used when building them? What can they tell us about future climates?
How do greenhouse gases affect global climate conditions?
Which countries are the most urbanized? The least urbanized? What is the urbanization trend today in largely rural nations?
How does voluntary simplicity mitigate the effects of population growth?
What are the Millennium Development Goals?
What is population growth momentum affect Mexico’s population?
What are the successes and failures of China and Mexico in slowing human population growth?
How do family planning services influence TFR?
What appears to be the single most important factor affecting high TFRs?
How are high total fertility rates related to the economic roles of children in certain cultures?
How is human population growth related to economic development?
How is human population growth related to chronic hunger?
How is agricultural productivity related to carrying capacity?
What is population growth momentum?
What is infant mortality rate? Why do highly developed countries have low infant mortality rates?
When determining Earth’s carrying capacity for humans, why is it not enough to just consider human numbers? What else must be considered?
Who was Thomas Malthus, and what were his views on human population growth?
Describe human population growth for the past 200 years.
Discuss this statement: The current human population crisis causes or exacerbates all environmental problems, including energy issues and climate change.
Health experts are concerned that the surplus of men in China will lead to an increase in AIDS, particularly in cities. Explain the link.
This photograph shows Nigerian students in a classroom. Why do you think the school has many more boys than girls? How is fertility rate related to educational opportunities for women?
What are four Millennium Development Goals that the nations of the world have aspired to? What is the target date for these goals?
Why does Mexico have a positive population growth momentum?
China has the world’s second largest economy and includes many highly industrialized regions, yet it is typically classified as a developing nation in large part because of its low per capita GNI PPP. What sorts of challenges described in this chapter does China likely face?
What is family planning? Is family planning effective in reducing fertility rates?
What is voluntary simplicity? How is it related to resource consumption?
How do cultural values affect fertility rate?
How are population growth and economic development related?
What is food insecurity? What regions of the world have the greatest food insecurity?
How is carrying capacity of the Earth system related to land degradation and agricultural productivity?
Which population is more likely to have a positive population growth momentum? Which is more likely to have a negative population growth momentum? Explain your answers? Postreproductive (45 and older) 45 Reproductive (15-44 yrs) 15 Prereproductive (0–14 yrs)
What are total fertility rate and infant mortality rate? Which group of countries has the highest total fertility rates? Which group has the highest infant mortality rates?
Why is it so difficult to apply the biological concept of carrying capacity directly to the human population?
Some people suggest that Malthus’s ideas about human population growth outrunning the environment’s ability to support it could happen on a global level. How might this happen in developing countries? In highly developed countries?
What is demography?
What are some of the factors that have contributed to the huge increase in the incidence of AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa?
When is an ecological risk assessment undertaken?
How does cost-benefit analysis differ from the precautionary principle?
What is risk assessment?
What is ecotoxicology?
What environmental catastrophe was largely responsible for replacement of the dilution paradigm by the boomerang paradigm?
Why are children particularly susceptible to environmental contaminants such as pesticides?
How are potentially toxic chemicals identified?
What are toxicology and epidemiology, and how do they differ?
How did the 1980 chemical spill in Lake Apopka affect alligators?
What are the differences among persistence, bioaccumulation, and biological magnification? How are these chemical characteristics interrelated?
How can a disease go from being emerging to being endemic in a population?
What is the average life expectancy for a woman in Japan? A woman in Zambia? Explain the difference.
How are risk assessments for human health and ecological risk assessments for environmental health alike? How do they differ?
For each of the following scenarios, suggest whether it would be more appropriate to use cost-benefit analysis, the precautionary principle, or fractional risk attribution. Explain your answers.a. Regulating risk associated with mercury from coal-fired power plantsb. Compensating cancer patients
Describe the common methods for determining whether a chemical causes cancer.
What are the major differences between toxicology and epidemiology? In what ways are they the same? How might decisions makers respond when the two approaches lead to different conclusions.
What is a dose-response curve? What can it tell us about effects at low doses if experimental information is on high doses?
How do acute and chronic toxicity differ?
Distinguish among persistence, bioaccumulation, and biological magnification.
What is a pandemic, and why does the potential for pandemics trouble many public health officials?
What was the first viral disease to be globally eradicated? What disease do health officials hope will be eradicated soon?
What accounts for the much lower infant mortality rates in highly developed countries as compared to less developed countries?
Why are public health researchers concerned about “exporting” health problems associated with developed countries to less developed countries?
What are the three leading causes of death in the United States? How are they related to lifestyle choices?
List an ecosystem service provided by each of the aquatic ecosystems.
How do you distinguish between freshwater wetlands and estuaries? Between flowing-water and standing-water ecosystems? Between the neritic and oceanic provinces?
What environmental factors are most important in determining the kinds of organisms found in aquatic environments?
How does vegetation change with increasing elevation and latitude?
Which biome, in your opinion, has suffered the most deleterious effects from human activities? Explain your answer.
Scientists report that in recent years tropical ocean waters have become saltier, whereas polar ocean waters have become less salty. What do you think is a possible explanation for these changes?
If you were to find yourself on a boat in the Chesapeake Bay, what aquatic ecosystem would you be in? What ecosystem would you be in if you were in the middle of Everglades National Park?
What are ecosystem services? Describe some ecosystem services a forest provides.
What are two determinants of species richness? Give an example of each.
What is a keystone species? Why do we consider the wolf a keystone species?
Describe how evolution has affected predator-prey relationships.
What is symbiosis? What are the three kinds of symbiosis?
What is the principle of competitive exclusion? Of resource partitioning?
What is an ecological niche?
How does a metapopulation differ from a local population?
What are the three main survivor-ship curves?
What are two examples of density-dependent factors that affect population growth? What are two examples of density-independent factors?
How do intrinsic rate of increase and carrying capacity produce the J-shaped and S-shaped population growth curves?
What is the effect of each of the following on population size: birth rate, death rate, immigration, and emigration?
What are the three domains of life? To which domain do you belong?
What are Darwin’s four premises of evolution by natural selection?
How do biologists define evolution?
Study the graph and determine the overall trend in biological diversity of vertebrate species from 1970 to 2000. Sociobiologist E. O. Wilson says that the five forces responsible for this trend are habitat loss, invasive species, pollution, population growth, and over-consumption. 120
Describe an example of secondary succession. Begin your description with the specific disturbance that preceded it.
What kinds of ecosystem services does a forest provide?
Why does species richness vary from one community to another?
Some biologists think that protecting keystone species would help preserve biological diversity in an ecosystem. Explain.
How is predation related to the concept of energy flow through ecosystems (covered in Chapter 3)?
What type of symbiotic relationship—mutualism, commensalism, or predation—do you think exists between the pygmy seahorse and the gorgonian coral pictured in Figure 5.22? Explain your answer.
What is the most likely limiting resource for plants and animals in deserts? How are limiting resources related to competition? Explain your answer.
What is an organism’s ecological niche, and why is a realized niche usually narrower, or more restricted, than a fundamental niche?
What is the difference between a source habitat and a sink habitat in terms of birth rates and death rates?
How do survivor-ship curves relate to r selection and K selection in animals?
Which of the following are density-dependent factors, and why: a hurricane, disease, and competition?
Draw a graph to represent the long-term growth of a population of bacteria cultured in a test tube containing a nutrient medium that is replenished. Now draw a graph to represent the growth in a test tube when the nutrient medium is not replenished. Explain the difference.

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Environment 9th edition Peter H. Raven, David M. Hassenzahl, Mary Catherine Hager, Nancy Y. Gift, Linda R. Berg - Solutions

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