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earth sciences
environment
Questions and Answers of
Environment
How is breeder nuclear fission different from conventional nuclear fission?
What are the main steps in the nuclear fuel cycle? Is it a true cycle? Explain your answer.
How does nuclear energy differ from chemical energy?
Why is potential wind energy in the United States greater than the potential for hydropower?
Japan wishes to make use of solar power, but it does not have extensive tracts of land for building large solar power plants. Which solar technology do you think is best suited to Japan's needs? Why?
Some energy experts refer to the Great Plains states as “the Saudi Arabia of wind power.” Explain what the reference means.
One advantage of the various forms of renewable energy, such as solar thermal and wind energy is that they cause no net increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Is this true for biomass? Why or why
Biomass is considered an example of indirect solar energy because it is the result of photosynthesis. Given that plants are the organisms that photosynthesize, why are animal wastes considered
Explain the following statement: Unlike fossil fuels, solar energy is not resource-limited but is technology-limited.
How do the environmental problems associated with the use of synfuels compare to those of coal, oil, and natural gas?
How are different synfuels formed and extracted?
What is the controversy surrounding the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge?
What are three environmental problems associated with using oil and natural gas as energy resources?
Why do estimates of Peak Oil vary?
What are two examples of structural traps?
What are the environmental benefits of resource recovery? Of fluidized-bed combustion?
What are acid mine drainage and acid deposition?
Which type of coal mining - surface or subsurface mining – is more land-intensive?
What is the relationship between burning fossil fuels and atmospheric carbon dioxide?
How are coal, oil, and natural gas formed?
What are fossil fuels?
Explain why the global increase in CO2 is not a simple cause and effect relationship with climate warming but instead a cascade of interacting responses that ripple through the Earth’s system.
At home, place an uncracked egg in a small bowl and cover it with vinegar. Allow it to sit in the vinegar for 24 hours. Take the egg out and examine the shell. How does this simple experiment
How is stabilizing climate related to fossil fuel use?
Explain how unsustainable consumption threatens environmental sustainability.
Describe three serious problems associated with megacities in the developing world.
How pervasive is food insecurity around the world?
What important ecosystem services does biological diversity provide?
How pervasive is poverty around the world?
What are the five recommendations for sustainable living discussed in this chapter?
What are the consumption habits of people in highly developed countries? How is consumption related to human carrying capacity?
How are the natural environment and sustainable development linked?
What is environmental sustainability? How are people in highly developed countries not living sustainably? How are people in developing countries not living sustainably?
How does green chemistry relate to source reduction?
What is source reduction?
What are three features of a sanitary landfill?
What is the difference between municipal solid waste and nonmunicipal solid waste?
In an effort to reduce municipal solid waste, some communities require customers to pay for garbage collection according to the amount of garbage they generate, known as unit pricing. The figure
How do the three R’s of waste prevention reduce the release of climate-altering CO2 into the environment?
How does the system of integrated waste management depicted in Figure 23.10 compare to a natural ecosystem?
Compare integrated pest management to integrated waste management. How does each reduce potential damage to the environment?
The Organization for African Unity has vigorously opposed the export of hazardous waste from industrialized countries to developing nations. They call this practice “toxic terrorism.” Explain.
How does recycling link the world's largest economy (the United States) to the world's fastest growing economy (China)?
Why is creating a demand for recycled materials sometimes referred to as “closing the loop”?
What is solid waste?
Climate change may lead to a greater need for pesticides to control mosquitoes. Suggest some ways in which other pesticide uses could increase or decrease as the Earth warms and precipitation patters
What three laws regulate pesticides in the United States? What are the goals of each law?
What is an example of using cultivation methods to control pests? Of using pheromones and hormones?
What is integrated pest management? Why is IPM considered a systems approach?
What are some of the long-term effects of pesticides on human health?
Describe pesticide resistance and discuss some methods for preventing the problems.
Why are endocrine disrupting pesticides of particular concern?
What are persistence, bioaccumulation, and biological magnification?
Why are monocultures susceptible to pest problems?
How do narrow-spectrum pesticides differ from broad-spectrum pesticides?
Define integrated pest management (IPM). List five tools of IPM, and give an example of each.
How is IPM related to ecological concepts such as food webs and energy flow?
Why is pesticide misuse increasingly viewed as a global environmental problem?
The widely used herbicide Roundup is starting to lose its effectiveness in killing certain weeds. Explain why.
Biological control is often much more successful on a small island than on a continent. Offer at least one reason why this might be the case.
It is more effective to use the sterile male technique when an insect population is small than when it is large. Explain.
Describe the general characteristics of each of the following groups of insecticides: chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphates, and carbamates.
How does genetic change in response to biological control agents differ from genetic resistance to pesticides?
How is the buildup of insect resistance to insecticides similar to the increase in bacterial resistance to antibiotics?
Sometimes pesticide use increases the damage done by pests. Explain.
Distinguish among insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and rodenticides.
What are the main goals of the Safe Drinking Water Act? The Clean Water Act?
How do maximum containment levels and national emission limitations differ?
Why is chlorine added to drinking water? What is the potential problem with adding chlorine to drinking water?
What are some major agricultural, industrial, and municipal water pollutants?
Distinguish among primary sewage treatment, secondary sewage treatment, tertiary sewage treatment, and septic tanks.
The graph reflects the monitoring of dissolved oxygen concentrations at six stations along a river. The stations are located 20 m apart, with A the farthest upstream and F the farthest downstream.
What are the eight main groups of water pollutants? Give an example of each main type.
What causes the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico?
Which water pollution law regulates industrial waste discharge into a river?
What is removed during each of the three stages of wastewater treatment: primary, secondary, and tertiary? During which state would you expect items to be recovered that were accidentally flushed,
In what ways might climate change make dead zones in the ocean worse? Better?
What is sludge? How is it disposed of?
Why is chlorine added to drinking water? Why does the Environmental Protection Agency recommend that public water treatment facilities find alternatives to chlorine?
What is the source of arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh?
Contrast organic compounds and inorganic chemicals as types of water pollution.
How does thermal pollution typically affect organisms? What causes this affect?
How do Midwestern farmers threaten the livelihood of fishermen in the Gulf of Mexico?
Describe the relationship between biochemical oxygen demand and dissolved oxygen available for fish.
What is water pollution? Why is wastewater treatment an important part of sustainable water use?
What is sustainable water use?
How do perspectives on climate change of highly developed countries differ from those of less developed countries?
What are some examples of mitigation and adaptation?
What are some effects of climate change already experienced by organisms, including humans?
How has climate change impacted precipitation? What other future precipitation changes do we expect?
How do melting ice and thermal expansion of water contribute to sea-level rise?
Why are unpredictable and extreme climate changes important?
How do climate models project future climate conditions?
What is the enhanced greenhouse effect, and what are the five main greenhouse gases that contribute to it?
John Holdren, science advisor to President Obama, argues that there are three possible human responses to climate change: mitigation, adaptation and suffering. Discuss the implications of this on
What do the relationships among acid deposition, stratospheric ozone, and climate change tell us about the importance of thinking about the environment as a system?
Some environmentalists contend that the wisest way to “use” fossil fuels is to leave them in the ground. How would this affect air pollution? Global climate change? Energy supplies?
Insurance companies that provide policies for hurricanes and other natural disasters may shift hundreds of millions of dollars of their investments from fossil fuels to solar energy. On the basis of
Based on what you’ve read in this chapter and the information on environmental economics in Chapter 2, explain how a global market for CO2 permits would function.
What aspects of adaptation to global climate change would be easier for highly developed nations, and which for developing nations? Explain.
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