Sustainable Engineering Principles And Practice 1st Edition Bhavik R. Bakshi - Solutions

Consider a water heater meant to increase the temperature from 25 οC to 100 οC. A manufacturer advertises the heater as 80 percent efficient. This is the first law efficiency, which means that 20 percent of the energy input is lost. 1. Calculate the energy input needed to heat a kilogram of
Explain why the exergetic efficiency of a process is less than 100 percent even when its energy efficiency is 100 percent.
A domestic boiler heating system is heating the outside air at 5 οC up to 20 οC with 80 percent first law efficiency. Determine the second law efficiency of this system. Draw the corresponding Sankey and Grassmann diagrams.
What is the lost work in a perfectly reversible process?
A compressed air system stores the energy generated by solar panels on the company buildings' rooftops during the weekend for use during the week. The generated electricity over the weekend is used to compress air from atmospheric pressure to 10 atm; the air is then brought back to atmospheric
Explain the large difference in the energy and exergy efficiencies of an electric heater.
Calculate the second law efficiency of the reaction CH4 + 2H2O → CO2+ 4H. Here, hydrogen is the useful product.
Calculate the CO2 equivalents for the atmosphere before 1750 and in 2013 using the data in Table 11.7. Use a 100-year time horizon. Identify the largest contributors to the increase in GWP, and discuss their primary sources. Table 11.7: Table 11.7 Greenhouse gas concentration in atmosphere before
This problem considers the possibility of generating power from the concentration gradient between CO2 in industrial emissions and the ambient atmosphere. 1. Flue gas from a coal-fired power plant has 12.7 percent CO2. What is the maximum amount of work that can be done from the mixing of this
What are Scope 1, 2, and 3 footprint calculations?
Many universities across the world have committed to becoming carbon neutral within the next few decades. This is encouraging many efforts to reduce waste such as the "My Cup" program, where the university provides a reusable cup to students for hot and cold beverages, and a small discount when it
An economic input-output model is represented by the following equations: For throughputs of x1 = $200 and x2 = $400, sector 1 uses 50 L rainwater and 20 L of river water, and emits 100 kg of CO2 and 1 kg of N20, while Sector 2 uses 200 L of lake water and emits 200 kg of CO2. Determine the carbon
What is the net overshoot of CO emission and sequestration in the USA?
What is the meaning of the term "embodied carbon in trade"?
Why does the GWP of CO2 remain constant over time, that of CH4 decreases, and that of SF6, increases?
What is virtual water? How is it related to the water footprint?
A typical data center, housing servers for cloud computing, consumes 7 MWh of electricity per year. The company plans to develop five new data centers, with one each in New England, the Northwest, and the Midwest, and two in California. Calculate the increase in the company's carbon footprint due
Electric cars are considered by many to be environmentally friendlier than cars with a conventional internal combustion engine. An electric sedan can travel 100 miles using 34 kWh of electricity. A similar gasoline sedan travels 100 miles with four gallons of gasoline. Electricity costs $0.12/kWh,
The quantity of natural gas (CH4) produced in the USA in 2015 was 28 trillion cubic feet. Net emissions of methane to the environment during this production were 6.4 million metric tons. The emission factors for bituminous coal and natural gas are 93.3 and 53.07 kg of CO2 per million Btu. 1. For
A small town withdraws water from the local river and disinfects it before delivering it to its residents. Most residents own reverse osmosis water purification units, which are used for producing drinking water. The town treats 10,000 L of water per month, of which the residents use 5 percent for
A farmer uses 10,000 L of water to produce 100 kg of biomass and 25 kg of food product. The farming process also uses 2 kg of CH4 as fuel and emits 15 kg of CO2 and 0.5 kg of N20. The harvested biomass is stored, during which time some of it rots and emits 0.1 kg of CH4 per kilogram of stored
Many utilities have programs to encourage energy-efficient use of electricity. These include incentives to consumers to use more efficient light bulbs and home appliances. In the state of California, between July 2015 and June 2016, such programs resulted in a saving of 1651 GWh of electricity.
Does a Sankey diagram take into account the first and second laws of thermodynamics?
On the plains of Africa, the Thomson's gazelle is a favorite prey of cheetahs. Consider a gazelle that, if caught, will yield a calorific value of 1000 kcal to the hunting cheetah. Determine how far the gazelle has to run to escape from a cheetah, knowing that cheetahs desire an energy return on
Why does the EROI have to be larger than 1 for a system to be energetically feasible?
Are the following innovations examples of win-win or win-lose situations? Answer from the point of view of the specified entities. 1. Catalytic converters in cars, from the perspectives of automotive companies and catalyst manufacturers. 2. Carbon dioxide removal technology, from the perspective
Reductionist research has contributed tremendously to improving the efficiency of lighting technologies. However, the total energy consumed for lighting has not decreased. Details about this are provided in Section 3.2. Suggest ways in which reductionist research on improving technological
An unintended outcome of the use of plastics is ocean pollution and its impact on marine life. Would it be fair to argue that this problem is the result of reductionist thinking? Suggest a holistic approach that could have prevented this problem. Also suggest approaches that can address this
Have the warnings about unsustainability of human activities like those in Box 7.1. Affected the cultural narrative? Why or why not? Box 7.1: BOX 7.1 Examples of Warnings from Scientists about Ecological Degradation 1992 statement of the Union of Concerned Scientists [2]: We the undersigned,
Explain the cognitive dissonance in today's society.
Give two examples of cases in which the cultural narrative has undergone dramatic change.
How does E. O. Wilson explain human unwillingness to respond to unsustainable activities?
Describe a communication strategy that will enable the acceptance of energy-efficient technologies across the political spectrum.
The cultural narrative has changed quite drastically in most parts of the world with regards to some human activities. How did this change occur for smoking? Was there a tipping point or threshold that had to be overcome before the change could be accepted and spread across societies? How long did
Explain the attitude of viewing wilderness as cursed land and its impact on ecological degradation.
The finding that British children were more familiar with Pokémon species than natural species alarmed many. Learn about the game Phlo (http:// phylogame.org), to answer the following questions. 1. How was this game influenced by the finding that children knew more Pokémon characters than
Is it fair to consider modern ethics and philosophy as anthropocentric? Justify your response.
Restoration of wetlands can help reduce nutrient runoff and harmful algal blooms like those that occur on Lake Erie (Figure 4.5). A year-long restoration project is estimated to cost $10 million. It is estimated to provide benefits worth $750,000 per year for the next 20 years. Is this a worthwhile
Give one example each of a positive and negative economic externality.
Which discount rate will result in a higher present value of a future benefit, 3 percent or 10 percent?
Contaminated soil in a region that used to be an industrial site is leaching pollution into the local environment, including the ground water. Treating this soil is estimated to cost $750 million. The benefit of this program is estimated to be $50 million per year for 50 years. Is the investment
Provide one example of a resource that lacks perfect substitutes.
In a free market, the marginal cost (M) of a commodity in $/kg may be modeled as M = 7Q, where Q is the quantity produced in kilograms. The demand for this commodity is related to its price (P) as P = 3Q+ 100. Answer the following questions: 1. Determine the equilibrium point for this market. 2. If
Read the article at https://nyti.ms/2jKdgKK and answer the following questions. 1. Which businesses are approaching the challenge of addressing climate change as a benefit to their economic bottom line, and which businesses treat it as a loss? Explain the reason for this disparity. 2. The article
One of the assumptions of free market economics is perfect substitutability. 1. Is it possible to find substitutes for all types of goods and services? Illustrate your answer with examples and a detailed discussion. 2. It has been argued that the assumption of perfect substitutability violates
With bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics, there is an urgent need to develop new antibiotics. However, most drug companies are not working in this area because to maintain the effectiveness of existing antibiotics, new ones are used only after older ones stop working. This discourages drug
In February 2015, the city of So Paulo, Brazil, home to 20 million people, was running out of water. According to an article at https://nyti .ms/2jKb99w, one of the reasons for this dire situation in a country often called the "Saudi Arabia of Water" is "the destruction of surrounding forests and
A strategy followed by some corporations for reducing their corporate carbon dioxide emissions has been to sell the divisions that emitted most CO2 per unit of product and buy the raw materials previously produced by these divisions from other manufacturers. Discuss whether such strategies
How did industry react to the environmental impact of DDT?
What was Friedman's view about environmental protection?
What view did Porter put forth about environmental protection?
Give two examples of "win-win" industrial innovation.
If you visit the sustainability pages of any automotive manufacturer's website or browse through their sustainability reports, you will see many indications of the company's seriousness toward enabling sustainable development. At the same time, trade groups representing this industry such as the
What fraction of companies consider sustainability strategies essential for being competitive?
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a chemical that does not occur naturally but has many industrial uses. Its derivative, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), was used in the product ScotchGuard manufactured by 3M. As the properties of PFOA and its derivatives became better known, 3M withdrew the
From the history of chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants, the ozone hole, and industry's reaction to it, do you see parallels between this and the reaction of some industries to the science of climate change? When did it become possible to get industry to buy-in to fighting the ozone hole by signing the
Many corporations are striving toward "net positive impact" of their activities. One such example is that of beverage manufacturers who have been encouraging practices that reduce water use and enhance the water table. Such practices include encouraging dryland rice farming, which uses much less
Describe the role of corporations in the problem of plastic pollution. Suggest actions that corporations or industry groups could take to address this scourge. Describe examples of such efforts and discuss whether corporate efforts alone can solve this problem or at least prevent it from getting
Characteristics identified as essential in future corporate efforts toward sustainability include "collaborating at scale" and "extreme transparency." Describe these approaches and the barriers facing their wide application. Do you know of specific corporate efforts in these directions?
What has been the traditional attitude of engineering toward ecosystems?
The development of high-yielding crop varieties has been an active area of research for many years. It has resulted in various hybrid varieties that have played an important role in the green revolution for meeting global food demand. However, it has also contributed to the contamination and
Give two examples each of reductionist and holistic thinking.
The Haber-Bosch process produces ammonia (NH3) by means of the following reaction: N + 3H 2NH3. For a process to be economically feasible, 98 percent of the hydrogen moles fed to the entire system need to be converted into ammonia. Also, the least expensive reactor design converts 10 percent of
Provide some advantages and disadvantages of reductionist research.
The "Game of Life" developed by John Conway consists of live or dead squares on a grid. It is implemented by some simple rules, such as the following. For a square that is alive or populated, - a cell with one or no neighbors dies due to loneliness - a cell with four or more neighbors dies due to
Give an example of emergent behavior.
The Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry shown in Box 17.2 were developed to incorporate sustainability considerations in chemistry. Discuss at least three of these principles in terms of whether they are encouraging chemistry toward more holistic thinking.Box 17.2: BOX 17.2 Twelve Principles of
What did the six blind men consider the elephant's trunk to be? Why?
The Everglades in Florida used to be a large, slow-moving body of water between Lake Okechobee and the Atlantic Ocean. These wetlands were drained, starting from about 1850, to develop farmland and for urban development. This was done by building canals that sped up the flow of water. The common
Coastal regions of the world where rivers meet the ocean are constantly undergoing gain and loss of land due to the deposition of sediment carried by rivers and to erosion, respectively. The loss of land in coastal Louisiana has been greatly accelerated by human activities, as conveyed by the
Mosquitoes are responsible for spreading many deadly diseases in the world, such as malaria, dengue fever, and the Zika virus. One technology proposed to address the spread of such mosquito-borne diseases is to release genetically modified male mosquitoes into the wild. These mosquitoes would breed
Describe some similarities and differences between gross domestic product and the human development index. Why is the latter index considered to be a better indicator of human well-being?
Define economic, societal, and ecosystem goods and services, with examples of each.
Identify some economic, societal, and ecosystem services that the following systems depend on, and describe the dependence: (a) A coal-burning power plant; (b) Driving a car; (c) Intensive agriculture.
How has the poverty rate changed since 1990?
Consider a typical single-family dwelling that consists of a house surrounded by a yard. Identify some of the ecosystem services that the yard could provide to the residents of the house and to the larger community.
What are Biospheres 1 and 2?
The triple value concept conveys that it is important for corporations to consider economic, social, and environmental goals in their decisions. Do companies consider goals in these three categories to be equally important? Explain your response with examples.
What roles do ecosystems play in our feeling of well-being?
Give examples of how the following activities rely on cultural ecosystem services: (a) The use of logos by corporations; (b) Religious and spiritual practices; (c) Recreational activities.
What are the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations? Do they account for the critical role of ecosystems in human well-being?
Which ecosystem goods and services did the residents of Easter Island depend on for building their statues? How did the loss of these goods and services contribute to their demise?
Identify some ecosystem services for which technological substitutes are not yet available. Will we be able to develop technological substitutes for these services?
Search the health literature to determine how ecosystems help us in maintaining and improving our health. Focus on aspects such as mental and emotional well-being, resistance to allergens, and the development of new medicines such as antibiotics.
Ethanol is a required additive in gasoline in many countries. The main steps in producing ethanol from corn include the agricultural step, where corn is grown, and the manufacturing step, where corn sugar is converted to ethanol by fermentation. For these two steps, discuss the ecosystem services
Explain the concept of peak oil. Why is this concept relevant to all nonrenewable resources?
Read the article available at https://nyti.ms/1xjUWbc and answer the following questions. 1. Is cod a renewable or nonrenewable resource? Justify your answer. 2. Sketch the approximate catch of cod over time. Does the resource peak hypothesis apply to the cod harvest? What has been the role of
What is the ratio of anthropogenic to natural mobilization of the following elements: (a) Gold, (b) Titanium, (c) Chlorine?
Determine the status of wetlands in the world, with emphasis on the state or region where you live. What are the services that wetlands provide?
Discuss the current atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide with respect to their concentration in the last 600,000 years.
One of the statements from the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (see Box 2.4) is as follows: "Even today's technology and knowledge can reduce considerably the human impact on ecosystems. They are unlikely to be deployed fully, however, until ecosystem services cease to be perceived as free and
Historical information about the Great Black Swamp of Ohio is available on various websites. Using this information, answer the following questions. 1. Why was it drained? 2. What were the costs and benefits of draining this swamp? 3. Could there be a connection between the loss of ecosystem
Define net primary productivity. What fraction of NPP is being appropriated by human beings?
What is the Anthropocene?
As shown in Figure 2.18: the atmospheric concentrations of methane and nitrous oxide have increased in the last several decades. Determine and discuss some of the reasons for this increase. CO₂ (ppm) 99 360 320 280 240 200 -360 -380 -400 -420 -440 டடம் mamada parte
Describe the reasoning behind the theory of peak oil. From consideration of Figure 2.2.Figure 2.2: Has US oil production peaked? Explain the reasons behind the recent increase in US oil production. Is this increase likely to peak? barrels per year) Lower 48 states oil production
From the measured values of atmospheric CO concentration in Figure 2.19Figure 2.19:Determine whether the rate of CO accumulation in the atmosphere is increasing or decreasing. Why does this trend depict oscillatory behavior? CO₂ concentration (ppm) Latest CO₂ reading 411.78 ppm May 31,
Using Figure 2.12 and [13]Figure 2.12:Figure 2.13:find a large river system close to your location. Determine the extent to which it has been impacted by the construction of dams. What have been some of the benefits and costs of such development? Figure 2.12 Impact of dams in large river systems
Think about fruits, vegetables, and grains that you consume during a typical day. Determine which of these items are most vulnerable to (a) Water stress, (b) The decline of pollinators. If the price of these vulnerable food products increases, are there substitutes that you and your community
Search the "Red List of Threatened Species" compiled by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and find species on this list that are in the region where you live. This list may be found by searching the IUCN's website.

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Sustainable Engineering Principles And Practice 1st Edition Bhavik R. Bakshi - Solutions

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