A Gallup poll conducted in 2013 examined whether there is an association between church attendance and smoking status among American adults. The following table reports the percentage of people who classify themselves as smokers, conditional on self-described level of church attendance.

a. Is this an observational study or an experiment? Explain how you can tell.
b. Identify the explanatory variable and the response variable.
c. Produce an appropriate graph to display these percentages.

d. Summarize what these percentages reveal with regard to the question of whether there is an association between church attendance and smoking status among American adults.
e. Would you conclude from these data that attending church more oft en causes a decrease in smoking? Explain.

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Almost every week Never At least once per week About once a month Seldom 12% 14% 22% 25% 30%