If racial quotas are adopted for promoting employees, then qualified employees will be passed over; but if racial quotas are not adopted, then prior discrimination will go unaddressed. Either racial quotas will or will not be adopted for promoting employees. Therefore, either qualified employees will be passed over or prior discrimination will go unaddressed. (R, Q, P)

Translate the following arguments into symbolic form. Then determine whether each is valid or invalid by constructing a truth table for each. The letters to be used in constructing the truth tables are given in parentheses.