Biology Concepts And Investigations 4th Edition Mariëlle Hoefnagels - Solutions

Suppose you put on glasses belonging to someone who is more farsighted than you. Draw how light passes through the glasses and into your eye. Why will the glasses blur your vision?
Explain why some people hold their nose when consuming badtasting food or medicine.
Why might cold medicines that dry the nasal cavity make it harder to smell?
Describe some invertebrate nervous systems. Why do animals with simple nervous systems still exist, even after the more complex vertebrate nervous system evolved?
Distinguish between the following.a. Organs and organ systemsb. Simple squamous and stratified squamous epithelial tissuec. Loose and dense connective tissued. Skeletal and cardiac muscle tissuee. Neurons and neurogliaf. Negative and positive feedback
Explain the relationship between transpiration and how plants obtain nitrogen and phosphorus.
Refer to figure 26.24 and the chapter content to answer the following questions.1. Review the Survey the Landscape figure in the chapter introduction, and then add homeostasis to the Pull It Together concept map.2. Add axons and myelin to the concept map.3. What structures are included in the
How does the endocrine system interact with the circulatory system?
How does the nervous system differentiate among odors?
Try as you might, you cannot tickle yourself. Speculate about why it could be adaptive to respond to surprises but not self-imposed stimuli.
Some endophytes produce compounds that fight bacteria, making them potential new sources of antibiotics. Describe an experimental method that would allow you to screen endophytes for antibacterial activity.
List the evidence that biologists use to classify earthworms, caecilians, and snakes in different clades despite the superficial similarities among these animals.
Explain how conditions in the terrestrial environment selected for each of the following adaptations: cuticle, stomata, vascular tissue, roots, stems, and leaves.
Which nutrients are absorbed from soil by roots, and which are absorbed from the atmosphere by leaves?
Write nonbiological analogies for the Casparian strip and for pressure flow theory.
Explain how flowers, fruits, and seeds contribute to the reproductive success of angiosperms.
Refer to figure 24.31 and the chapter content to answer the following questions.1. Review the Survey the Landscape figure in the chapter introduction, and then add flowering plants, leaves, and sugars to the Pull It Together concept map.2. Add the following terms to the concept map: stamen, anther,
Describe the male and female gametophytes of flowering plants.
Chrysanthemums are long-night plants that normally flower in the fall. If you could manipulate photoperiod, what would be the simplest way to prevent mums from blooming (without killing the plants)?
How does an exclusive relationship between a plant and its pollinator benefit each partner? What are the risks of exclusive partnerships?
What process begins endosperm formation? How is the endosperm important to plants?
From what source does the endosperm receive its nutrients as it develops inside the seed?
If fruit production is a measure of fitness, why wouldn’t a plant spend all of its energy producing fruits instead of roots and leaves? Why do you think some annual plants die back as they produce fruits?
Explain how plants grow toward light. Why is this response adaptive?
Develop a hypothesis that explains why it might be adaptive for a plant to flower in response to photoperiod rather than temperature.
How does senescence occur?
Use the Internet to research cosmetic surgery. Write a paragraph explaining how a plastic surgeon might manipulate each of the four main tissue types.
List and describe six types of connective tissue.
Refer to figure 25.15 and the chapter content to answer the following questions.1. What features distinguish the four types of tissue?2. Add skin to the concept map, making at least five connections to existing terms in the map.3. Review the Survey the Landscape figure in the chapter introduction,
Explain the similarities and differences among the three types of muscle tissue.
Explain how you use your organ systems (except your reproductive system) while you are exercising at the gym, and provide three hypotheses that might explain why some exercise sessions go better than others.
Describe how the circulatory system connects the digestive system with the urinary system.
When a person gets cold, he or she may begin to shiver. If the weather is too hot, the heart rate increases and blood vessels dilate, sending more blood to the skin. How does each scenario illustrate homeostasis?
Provide nonbiological examples of negative and positive feedback, other than those presented in the chapter.
Describe at least one interaction between skin and each of the 10 other organ systems.
How do the nervous and endocrine systems differ in how they communicate?
Explain how sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons work together as an insect moves toward a chemical stimulus.
Describe the distribution of charges in the membrane of a resting neuron.
What is the connection between the threshold potential and an action potential? What happens to sodium and potassium ions as the membrane is depolarized and repolarized? How does the membrane restore its resting potential?
Cerebral palsy is a nervous system disorder that is often caused by a lack of oxygen during brain development. Impairments in movement, hearing, seeing, and thinking can result. For each of these symptoms, indicate which lobe of the cerebrum was most affected during development.
Write a nonbiological analogy for resting potential and for depolarization, other than those mentioned in the chapter.
What is the function of each of the four membrane proteins shown in figure 26.6? When is each membrane protein channel open?Figure 26.6
Sketch a synapse; label the axon and synaptic terminal of the presynaptic cell, the postsynaptic cell, the synaptic cleft, the synaptic vesicles, and the receptor proteins.
Describe the events that occur at a synapse when a neural impulse arrives at a synaptic terminal of a presynaptic cell.
Prescription sleep aids, like Ambien, bind to inhibitory receptors on neurons. Explain how these drugs slow the production of action potentials in affected parts of the brain.
What is the relationship between gray matter and white matter in the spinal cord?
Traumatic brain injury can occur when a person receives a strong blow to the head or when an object enters the brain through the skull. Symptoms can include nausea, loss of sight or hearing, memory loss, and personality changes. Why do symptoms depend strongly on the location and severity of the
What is a stroke? Use the Internet to
Neuroglia outnumber neurons in the nervous system by about 10 to 1. In addition, neuroglia retain the ability to divide, unlike most neurons. How do these two observations relate to the fact that most brain cancers begin in glial cells?
Scientists know little about many common illnesses, including migraines and Alzheimer disease. What ethical considerations make research on these diseases difficult? What are the limitations of using animals as models to study the nervous system?
Use the following activity to visualize the ion movements of an action potential: If you’re in a classroom with several other students, label half of them as sodium ions and half as potassium ions. Find an object to represent a membrane (e.g., a line in the floor); label four mats or pieces of
A male moth uses his antennae to detect the concentration of a pheromone on each side of his body, allowing him to fly toward the female that is producing the pheromone. Explain how sensory receptors, peripheral nerves, and the central nervous system interact to allow moths to compare pheromone
What is the role of transduction in the sensory system? How does transduction occur for each of the senses described in this chapter?
Refer to figure 27.19 and the chapter content to answer the following questions.1. Review the Survey the Landscape figure in the chapter introduction, and then connect each general and special sense in the Pull It Together concept map to a new term: homeostasis.2. Which sense organs are required
Explain why evolution has favored slow sensory adaptation to pain stimuli.
Refer to figure 21.49 and the chapter content to answer the following questions.1. Review the Survey the Landscape figure in the chapter introduction. Describe the position of kingdom Animalia in the tree of life.2. Write connecting phrases to separate arthropods and roundworms from annelids,
Compare and contrast the roundworm body structure with those of a flatworm and an annelid.
Make a chart showing the characteristics of each subphylum of arthropods. Suppose you could examine a fossilized arthropod; use your chart to describe how you would assign the fossil to a subphylum.
List the features that determine the echinoderms’ position on the evolutionary tree.
Create lists of animal phyla that(a) Are cephalized,(b) Have an incomplete digestive tract,(c) Have segmented bodies,(d) Have a coelom.
How do tunicates and lancelets differ from fishes and tetrapods?
Draw from memory a phylogenetic tree that traces the evolutionary history of tetrapods. Include the features that mark each branching point in your tree.
List five adaptations that enable(a) Fishes to live in water;(b) Amphibians to live on land;(c) Snakes to live in the desert;(d) Birds to fly.
Fishes are adapted to life in water, and tetrapods to life on land. Cite two criteria for assessing which group has been more successful.
How are a fish’s and a bird’s skeletons similar in structure and function?
Summarize the evidence for the idea that birds are reptiles. How does the changing placement of birds in the vertebrate family tree illustrate the scientific process? Why does this type of research matter?
If you found a fossil and were not sure whether it was from a reptile or a mammal, how could you tell the difference?
Early tunicates and lancelets did not leave fossil evidence because their bodies lacked hard parts. The hair and mammary glands that distinguish mammals are not hard either, yet mammals have a rich fossil record. Explain this difference.
If the success of an animal group is determined by the number of species it contains, how successful are mammals compared to other chordate classes? How successful are mammals compared to insects?
Give three examples of interactions between animals classified in different phyla.
How are fishes, amphibians, nonavian reptiles, birds, and mammals important to humans? How are they important in ecosystems?
Search the Internet to answer this question: Other than Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and Mus musculus, what are some examples of invertebrate or vertebrate animals that have contributed to scientists’ knowledge of general biology and animal biology? What other genomes of
Explain how a sessile or slow-moving lifestyle, such as that of sponges, sea cucumbers, and tunicates, might select for bright colors and an arsenal of toxic chemicals.
Invasive animal species are disrupting ecosystems around the world. Search the Internet for a list of invasive animal species. Which phyla are represented in the list? What harm do invasive species do? How important is it to try to eradicate invasive species?
List the main vegetative organs of a plant, and explain how each relies on the others.
Refer to figure 22.23 and the chapter content to answer the following questions.1. Review the Survey the Landscape figure in the chapter introduction, and then add flowering plants, reproductive parts, and flowers to the Pull It Together concept map. Make a connection between flowers and at least
Thorns, spines, and tendrils are so highly modified that it can be difficult to tell whether they derive from leaves or stems. How could a biologist use his or her knowledge of plant anatomy to determine their origin?
Imagine you are conducting an experiment on plant growth. You buy two seedlings, plant them in identical soil, and water them the same amount each week. Each week you also measure the plants’ heights. For the first 2 months, the plants grow at the same rate. Then, one plant continues growing
Many biology labs use slides of root tips to demonstrate the stages of mitosis. Why is this a better choice than using a slide of a mature leaf?
Write nonbiological analogies for vessel elements, phloem, stomata, and lignin.
Propose why it might be more adaptive for a tree to produce thousands of small leaves rather than one huge leaf.
Suppose you find a flowering plant that has leaves with netted veins. Using only this information, what inferences can you make about the internal anatomy of the plant?
List the structures that help a plant maintain water homeostasis.
The Cork Forest Conservation Alliance is a nonprofit environmental organization dedicated to preserving the cork forests of the Mediterranean. Visit its website, and then explain to a friend why buying wine closed with natural cork is more environmentally friendly than buying wine closed with a
Suppose you drive a metal spike from the outermost bark layer to the center of a tree’s trunk. Which tissues does your spike encounter as it moves through the stem? What type of meristem produced each type?
List a function of each organ, tissue, and cell type described in this chapter, and then list at least one feature that facilitates that function.
Draw a diagram that includes the following labels: leaf, petiole, axillary bud, node, internode.
Refer to figure 23.15 and the chapter content to answer the following questions.1. Review the Survey the Landscape figure in the chapter introduction, and then add flowering plants, vegetative parts, reproductive parts, and flowers to the Pull It Together concept map. Connect vegetative parts and
How might transgenic technology (see chapter 11) be used to endow plants with the ability to fix nitrogen without the aid of bacteria? In what ways would this new feature change agriculture?
Draw a diagram of a plant’s roots growing into the soil. Label the soil layers and describe the composition of each.
If left in the same pot for multiple years, a houseplant may become “root bound,” meaning that the roots grow in circles along the inner surface of the pot. Why do root-bound plants eventually show signs of nutrient deficiency?
When Chris mows the grass, she faces a choice between discarding the clippings or leaving them on the lawn. How would each choice influence the nutrient content of the soil? Explain your answer.
Explain the role of hydrogen bonding in xylem transport.
Why might warm temperatures and heavy precipitation in rain forests result in topsoils with low nutrient concentrations?
Suppose you use a rubber band to secure a clear plastic bag around a few leaves on a live plant. What do you think will happen?
Basil is common in vegetable gardens. Many gardeners grow this plant for its leaves, which provide flavor in sauces and other dishes. Leaf production is higher when young flowers are pruned off the plant before they have a chance to develop. Explain this observation.
How can phloem transport occur either with or against gravity?
Explain how plant transport might change in the winter after a deciduous tree has lost its leaves.
Suppose that a scientist exposes a leaf to CO2 labeled with radioactive carbon-14, which is incorporated into organic compounds in photosynthetic cells. At various times after exposure, the scientist can determine the location of the radioactive carbon in the plant. In what tissues would you expect
In the early 1600s, Jean Baptista van Helmont investigated how plants acquire new mass as they grow. He weighed a willow shoot and planted it into soil that he had also weighed. After 5 years of adding nothing but water to the plant, he found that the soil had lost only a little weight, while the

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Biology Concepts And Investigations 4th Edition Mariëlle Hoefnagels - Solutions

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