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life sciences
biology concepts investigations

Questions and Answers of Biology Concepts Investigations

In a disorder called gyrate atrophy, cells in the retina begin to degenerate in late adolescence, causing night blindness that progresses to total blindness. The cause is a mutation in the gene that
Parkinson disease causes rigidity, tremors, and other motor symptoms. Only 2% of cases are inherited, and these tend to have an early onset of symptoms. Some inherited cases result from mutations in
Explain how a mutation in a protein-encoding gene, an enhancer, or a gene encoding a transcription factor can have the same effect on an organism.
Refer to the figure to answer these questions:a. Add labels for mRNA (including the 5′ and 3′ ends) and tRNA. In addition, draw in the RNA polymerase enzyme and the ribosomes, including arrows
Describe the mutation shown in figure 7.27 and explain how the mutation affects the amino acid sequence encoded by the gene.Figure 7.27 Two alleles of the gene Original allele Mutated allele 3' 5 3'
The roundworm C. elegans has 556 cells when it hatches. Each cell contains the entire genome but expresses only a subset of the genes. Therefore, the cells “specialize” in particular functions.
The amount of melanin in the skin is controlled by genes, yet melanin is not a protein. How can this be?
A protein-encoding region of a gene has the following DNA sequence:T T T C A T C A G G A T G C A A C ADetermine how each of the following mutations alters the amino acid sequence:a. Substitution of
How many codons are in each of the mRNA molecules that you wrote for question 8?Question 8List the sequences of the mRNA molecules transcribed from the following template DNA sequences:a. T G A A C T
Some people compare DNA to a blueprint stored in the office of a construction company. Explain how this analogy would extend to transcription and translation.
If a protein is 1259 amino acids long, what is the minimum size of the gene that encodes the protein? Why might the gene be longer than the minimum?
List the three major types of RNA and their functions.
List the sequences of the mRNA molecules transcribed from the following template DNA sequences:a. T G A A C T A C G G T A C C A T A Cb. G C A C T A A A G A T C
Put the following in order from smallest to largest: nucleotide, genome, nitrogenous base, gene, nucleus, cell, codon, chromosome.
Write the complementary DNA sequence of each of the following base sequences:a. A G G C A T A C C T G A G T Cb. G T T T A A T G C C C T A C Ac. A A C A C T A C C G A T T C A
Refer to figure 7.28 and the chapter content to answer the following questions.1. Why is protein production essential to cell function?2. Where do promoters, terminators, stop codons, transcription
What is the function of DNA?
Explain how Griffith’s experiment and Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty’s experiment determined that DNA in bacteria transmits a trait that kills mice.
Describe how aerobic respiration occurs in bacteria. How does this relate to how aerobic respiration occurs in mitochondria? Explain the relationship between bacteria and mitochondria.
Explain Chargaff’s observation that a DNA molecule contains equal amounts of A and T and equal amounts of G and C.
Some types of beer are bottled with yeast. These beers are not carbonated at bottling, but if you open them a few weeks later they will bubble. Explain the source of this carbonation.
Describe the energy pathways that are available for cells living in the absence of O2.
Compare the number of ATP molecules required to produce one glucose molecule in photosynthesis (see figure 5.9) with the number of ATP molecules generated per glucose in aerobic respiration (see
Explain the fact that species as diverse as humans and yeasts use the same biochemical pathways to extract energy from nutrient molecules.
Why would a cell die if it could not make ATP?
At what point does O2 enter the energy pathways of aerobic respiration? What is the role of O2? Why does respiration stop if a person cannot breathe?
Health-food stores sell a product called “pyruvate plus,” which supposedly boosts energy. Why is this product unnecessary? What would be a much less expensive substitute that would accomplish the
How might a mitochondrion’s double membrane make cellular respiration more efficient than if it had a single membrane?
How does aerobic respiration yield so much ATP from each glucose molecule, compared with glycolysis alone?
All steps of cellular respiration are closely connected. Describe the problems that would occur if glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, or the electron transport chain were not working.
Refer to figure 6.17 and the chapter content to answer the following questions.1. Review the Survey the Landscape figure in the chapter introduction. Explain the connection between respiration and
Respiration contains the Latin word root spiro, which means “to breathe.” Why is the process described in this chapter called cellular respiration? What might your answer indicate about what
Explain why each of the following misconceptions about photosynthesis is false:(a) Only plants are autotrophs.(b) Plants do not need cellular respiration because they carry out photosynthesis.(c)
Explain how C4 photosynthesis is based on a spatial arrangement of structures, whereas CAM photosynthesis is temporally based.
How is the CAM pathway adaptive in a desert habitat?
How does photosynthesis help compensate for increasing atmospheric CO2? Where does the CO2 go? Does cutting down forests likely increase or decrease the rate of CO2 accumulation in the atmosphere?
Over the past decades, the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere has increased.(a) Predict the effect of increasing carbon dioxide concentrations on photorespiration.(b) Scientists suggest that
Refer to figure 5.15 and the chapter content to answer the following questions.1. Review the Survey the Landscape figure in the chapter introduction, and then add enzymes, cells, molecules, and
In 1941, biologists exposed photosynthesizing cells to water containing a heavy oxygen isotope, designated 18O. The “labeled” isotope appears in the O2 gas released in photosynthesis, showing
Of the many groups of photosynthetic bacteria, only cyanobacteria use chlorophyll a. How does this observation support the hypothesis that cyanobacteria gave rise to the chloroplasts of today’s
Determine whether each of the following molecules is involved in the light reactions, the carbon reactions, or both and explain how: O2, CO2, carbohydrates, chlorophyll a, photons, NADPH, ATP, H2O.
Would a plant grow better in a room painted blue or in a room painted green? Explain your answer.
Define these terms and arrange them from smallest to largest: thylakoid membrane; photosystem; chloroplast; granum; reaction center.
Other stars in the galaxy emit light at different wavelengths than the sun. If photosynthesis evolved on a planet around one of these stars, how might it be different from and similar to
Imagine that multiple simultaneous volcanic eruptions send black ash into Earth’s atmosphere, making photosynthesis impossible anywhere on Earth for many years. What would be the consequence to
Refer to figure 4.25 and the chapter content to answer the following questions.1. Review the Survey the Landscape figure in the chapter introduction, and then add life, cells, and respiration to the
List three ways the content in this chapter relates to an organism’s ability to maintain homeostasis.
Liver cells are packed with glucose. If the concentration of glucose in a liver cell is higher than in the surrounding fluid, what mechanism could the cell use to import even more glucose? Why would
Diffusion is an efficient means of transport only over small distances. How does this relate to a cell’s surface-area-to-volume ratio?
When a person eats a fatty diet, excess cholesterol accumulates in the bloodstream. Cells then temporarily stop producing cholesterol. What phenomenon described in the chapter does this control
Considering that enzymes are essential to all cells, including microbes, why might refrigeration and freezing help preserve food?
Use what you know about enzymes to propose an explanation for why our bodies cannot digest the cellulose in dietary fiber. Also, why would a cell’s fat-digesting enzymes not be able to digest an
Name at least four ways that a cell uses ATP.
Provide an example of an appliance that uses coupled reactions.
Why do electron transport chains release energy?
List some examples of endergonic and exergonic reactions that have been introduced in previous chapters.
Some people claim that life’s high degree of organization defies the second law of thermodynamics. What makes this statement false?
Refer to figure 3.32 and the chapter content to answer the following questions.1. Review the Survey the Landscape figure in the chapter introduction, and then add molecules, atoms, carbohydrates, and
Describe how animal cells use junctions in different ways.
How do plant cells form cell walls?
How does the cytoskeleton interact with other structures in eukaryotic cells?
Imagine that you found a cell that releases many proteins into the bloodstream. What organelles might be especially active in this cell? What would each of these organelles be doing?
One way to understand cell function is to compare the parts of a cell to the parts of a factory. For example, the Golgi apparatus would be analogous to the factory’s shipping department. How would
Imagine that you could engineer a cell that exchanges gases efficiently with the environment and quickly metabolizes sugars. Describe your cell’s size and shape. What organelles would be abundant?
List the chemicals that make up cell membranes.
What advantages does compartmentalization confer on a large cell?
Which cell in figure 3.31 has the highest ratio of surface area to volume? Explain your answer.Figure 3.31 Prokaryote Eukaryote Nucleus No Yes Membrane-bounded organelles No Yes Bacterial cell
Rank the following in order from smallest to largest: ant, prokaryotic cell, actin molecule, microtubule, nitrogen atom. What type of microscope (if any) would you need if you wanted to see each?
Suppose you find a sample of cells at a crime scene. What criteria might you use to determine if the cells are from prokaryotes, plants, or animals?
List three structural differences between plant and animal cells. Explain how each structural difference reflects a functional difference between plants and animals.
If a eukaryotic cell is like a house, how is a prokaryotic cell like an efficiency (one-room) apartment?
Chapter 1 explains emergent properties and describes the characteristics of life. Use this information to explain why life is an emergent property that appears at the level of the cell.
List the features that all cells share; then name three structures found in eukaryotic cells but not in bacteria or archaea.
How does the formation of the cell theory illustrate the process of science?
Refer to figure 2.32 and the chapter content to answer the following questions.1. Compare the Survey the Landscape figure in the chapter introduction with the Pull It Together concept map. Are
You eat a sandwich made of starchy bread, ham, and cheese. What types of chemicals are in it?
Describe what occurs when a chemical reaction removes a water molecule from two adjacent monomers.
Sketch a monosaccharide, an amino acid, a nucleotide, a glycerol molecule, and a fatty acid. Then show how those smaller molecules form carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, or fats.
How do hydrogen ions relate to the pH scale?
Draw from memory a diagram showing the interactions among a few water molecules.
Give an example from everyday life of each of the following properties of water: cohesion, adhesion, ability to dissolve solutes, resistance to temperature change.
Define solute, solvent, and solution.
Can nonpolar molecules such as CH4 participate in hydrogen bonds? Why or why not?
How does electronegativity explain whether a covalent bond is polar or nonpolar?
Distinguish between nonpolar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and ionic bonds.
The vitamin biotin contains 10 atoms of carbon, 16 of hydrogen, 3 of oxygen, 2 of nitrogen, and 1 of sulfur. What is its molecular formula?
Refer to figure 1.16 and the chapter content to answer the following questions.1. Review the Survey the Landscape figure in the chapter introduction, paying special attention to the units of life and
Design an experiment to test the following hypothesis: “Eating chocolate causes zits.” Include sample size, independent variable, dependent variable, the most important variables to standardize,
Give two examples of questions that you cannot answer using the scientific method. Explain your reason for choosing each example.
List each step of the scientific method and explain why it is important.
How are the members of the three domains similar? How are they different?
Explain why populations of organisms are typically well adapted to their environment.
How does a home’s air conditioning system illustrate homeostasis?
Draw and explain the relationship between producers and consumers (including decomposers).
Other than the examples given in the text, name an example of emergent properties from everyday life.
Think of an analogy that will help you remember the differences between populations, communities, and ecosystems.
Why is a cell, and not an atom or a molecule, considered the basic unit of life?
Imagine two related species of single-celled protists living together in a pond. Write the organizational hierarchy of this ecosystem, starting with “atom” and ending with “ecosystem.” Give
Describe each of the five characteristics of life, and list several nonliving things that possess at least two of these characteristics.

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