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life sciences
concepts of biology

Questions and Answers of Concepts Of Biology

Which of the following is not a component of the endomembrane system?a. Mitochondrionb. Golgi apparatusc. Endoplasmic reticulumd. Lysosome
Which plasma membrane component can be either found on its surface or embedded in the membrane structure?a. Proteinb. Cholesterolc. Carbohydrated. Phospholipid
The tails of the phospholipids of the plasma membrane are composed of _____ and are _______?a. Phosphate groups; hydrophobicb. Fatty acid groups; hydrophilicc. Phosphate groups; hydrophilicd. Fatty
Water moves via osmosis _________.a. Throughout the cytoplasmb. From an area with a high concentration of other solutes to a lower onec. From an area with a low concentration of solutes to an area
The principal force driving movement in diffusion is __________.a. Temperatureb. Particle sizec. Concentration gradientd. Membrane surface area
Describe the structures that are characteristic of a prokaryote cell.
In the context of cell biology, what do we mean by form follows function? What are at least two examples of this concept?
Why is it advantageous for the cell membrane to be fluid in nature?
Why does osmosis occur?
Tremetol, a metabolic poison found in white snake root plant, prevents the metabolism of lactate. When cows eat this plant, Tremetol is concentrated in the milk. Humans who consume the milk become
Where does the cell get energy for active transport processes?
Which of the following is not an example of an energy transformation?a. Heating up dinner in a microwaveb. Solar panels at workc. Formation of static electricityd. None of the above
Which of the following is not true about enzymes?a. They are consumed by the reactions they catalyze.b. They are usually made of amino acids.c. They lower the activation energy of chemical
Energy is stored long-term in the bonds of _____ and used short-term to perform work from a(n) _____ molecule.a. ATP : glucoseb. An anabolic molecule : catabolic moleculec. Glucose : ATPd. A
The energy currency used by cells is _____.a. ATPb. ADPc. AMPd. Adenosine
The glucose that enters the glycolysis pathway is split into two molecules of _________.a. ATPb. Phosphatec. NADHd. Pyruvate
What do the electrons added to NAD+ do?a. They become part of a fermentation pathway.b. They go to another pathway for ATP production.c. They energize the entry of the acetyl group into the citric
Chemiosmosis involvesa. The movement of electrons across the cell membraneb. The movement of hydrogen atoms across a mitochondrial membranec. The movement of hydrogen ions across a mitochondrial
The cholesterol synthesized by cells uses which component of the glycolytic pathway as a starting point?a. Glucose b. Acetyl CoAc. Pyruvated. Carbon dioxide
Beta oxidation is ________.a. The breakdown of sugarsb. The assembly of sugarsc. The breakdown of fatty acidsd. The removal of amino groups from amino acids
Does physical exercise to increase muscle mass involve anabolic and/or catabolic processes? Give evidence for your answer.
Explain in your own terms the difference between a spontaneous reaction and one that occurs instantaneously, and what causes this difference.
With regard to enzymes, why are vitamins and minerals necessary for good health? Give examples.
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms carry out some form of glycolysis. How does that fact support or not support the assertion that glycolysis is one of the oldest metabolic pathways?
We inhale oxygen when we breathe and exhale carbon dioxide. What is the oxygen used for and where does the carbon dioxide come from?
When muscle cells run out of oxygen, what happens to the potential for energy extraction from sugars and what pathways do the cell use?
Would you describe metabolic pathways as inherently wasteful or inherently economical, and why?
What two products result from photosynthesis?a. Water and carbon dioxideb. Water and oxygenc. Glucose and oxygend. Glucose and carbon dioxide
Which statement about thylakoids in eukaryotes is not correct?a. Thylakoids are assembled into stacks.b. Thylakoids exist as a maze of folded membranes.c. The space surrounding thylakoids is called
From where does a heterotroph directly obtain its energy?a. The sunb. The sun and eating other organismsc. Eating other organismsd. Simple chemicals in the environment
What is the energy of a photon first used to do in photosynthesis?a. Split a water moleculeb. Energize an electronc. Produce ATPd. Synthesize glucose
Which molecule absorbs the energy of a photon in photosynthesis? a. ATPb. Glucosec. Chlorophylld. Water
Plants produce oxygen when they photosynthesize. Where does the oxygen come from?a. Splitting water moleculesb. ATP synthesisc. The electron transport chaind. Chlorophyll
Which color(s) of light does chlorophyll a reflect?a. Red and blueb. Greenc. Redd. Blue
Where in plant cells does the Calvin cycle take place?a. Thylakoid membraneb. Thylakoid spacec. Stromad. Granum
Which statement correctly describes carbon fixation?a. The conversion of CO2 to an organic compoundb. The use of RUBISCO to form 3-PGAc. The production of carbohydrate molecules from G3Pd. The
What is the molecule that leaves the Calvin cycle to be converted into glucose? a. ADPb. G3Pc. RuBPd. 3-PGA
What is the overall purpose of the light reactions in photosynthesis?
Why are carnivores, such as lions, dependent on photosynthesis to survive?
Describe the pathway of energy in light-dependent reactions.
Which part of the Calvin cycle would be affected if a cell could not produce the enzyme RuBisCO?
Explain the reciprocal nature of the net chemical reactions for photosynthesis and respiration.
A diploid cell has ________ the number of chromosomes as a haploid cell.a. One-fourthb. One-halfc. Twiced. Four times
Chromosomes are duplicated during what portion of the cell cycle? a. G1 phaseb. S phasec. Prophased. Prometaphase
Separation of the sister chromatids is a characteristic of which stage of mitosis?a. Prometaphaseb. Metaphasec. Anaphased. Telophase
The individual chromosomes become visible with a light microscope during which stage of mitosis?a. Prophaseb. Prometaphasec. Metaphased. Anaphase
What is necessary for a cell to pass the G2 checkpoint?a. Cell has reached a sufficient sizeb. An adequate stockpile of nucleotidesc. Accurate and complete DNA replicationd. Proper attachment of
________ are changes to the nucleotides in a segment of DNA that codes for a protein.a. Proto-oncogenesb. Tumor suppressor genesc. Gene mutationsd. Negative regulators
A gene that codes for a positive cell cycle regulator is called a(n) ________.a. Kinase inhibitorb. Tumor suppressor genec. Proto-oncogened. Oncogene
Which eukaryotic cell-cycle event is missing in binary fission?a. Cell growthb. DNA duplicationc. Mitosisd. Cytokinesis
FtsZ proteins direct the formation of a ________ that will eventually form the new cell walls of the daughter cells.a. Contractile ringb. Cell platec. Cytoskeletond. Septum
Compare and contrast a human somatic cell to a human gamete.
Describe the similarities and differences between the cytokinesis mechanisms found in animal cells versus those in plant cells.
Outline the steps that lead to a cell becoming cancerous.
Explain the difference between a proto-oncogene and a tumor suppressor gene.
Name the common components of eukaryotic cell division and binary fission.
Which type of life cycle has both a haploid and diploid multicellular stage? a. An asexual life cycleb. Diploid-dominantc. Haploid-dominantd. Alternation of generations
Which event leads to a diploid cell in a life cycle?a. Meiosisb. Fertilizationc. Alternation of generationsd. Mutation
At which stage of meiosis are sister chromatids separated from each other?a. Prophase Ib. Prophase IIc. Anaphase Id. Anaphase II
If a muscle cell of a typical organism has 32 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will be in a gamete of that same organism? a. 8b. 16c. 32d. 64
The part of meiosis that is similar to mitosis is ________. a. Miosis Ib. Anaphase Ic. Meiosis IId. Interkinesis
The genotype XXY corresponds to:a. Klinefelter syndromeb. Turner syndromec. Triplo-Xd. Jacob syndrome
Abnormalities in the number of X chromosomes tend to be milder than the same abnormalities in autosomes because of ________.a. Deletionsb. Nonhomologous recombinationc. Synapsisd. X inactivation
Aneuploidies are deleterious for the individual because of what phenomenon?a. Nondisjunctionb. Gene dosagec. Meiotic errorsd. X inactivation
Explain the advantage that populations of sexually reproducing organisms have over asexually reproducing organisms?
Describe the two events that are common to all sexually reproducing organisms and how they fit into the different life cycles of those organisms.
Explain how the random alignment of homologous chromosomes during metaphase I contributes to variation in gametes produced by meiosis.
In what ways is meiosis II similar to and different from mitosis of a diploid cell?
Individuals with trisomy 21 are more likely to survive to adulthood than individuals with trisomy 18. Based on what you know about aneuploidies from this module, what can you hypothesize about
Imagine that you are performing a cross involving seed color in garden pea plants. What traits would you expect to observe in the F1 offspring if you cross true-breeding parents with green seeds and
Imagine that you are performing a cross involving seed texture in garden pea plants. You cross true-breeding round and wrinkled parents to obtain F1 offspring. Which of the following experimental
The observable traits expressed by an organism are described as its ________.a. Phenotypeb. Genotypec. Allelesd. Zygote
What are the types of gametes that can be produced by an individual with the genotype AaBb?a. Aa, Bbb. AA, aa, BB, bbc. AB, Ab, aB, abd. AB, ab
What is the reason for doing a test cross?a. To identify heterozygous individuals with the dominant phenotype b. To determine which allele is dominant and which is recessivec. To identify
If black and white true-breeding mice are mated and the result is all gray offspring, what inheritance pattern would this be indicative of?a. Dominanceb. Codominancec. Multiple allelesd. Incomplete
The ABO blood groups in humans are expressed as the IA, IB, and i alleles. The IA allele encodes the A blood group antigen, IB encodes B, and i encodes O. Both A and B are dominant to O. If a
In a cross between a homozygous red-eyed female fruit fly and a white-eyed male fruit fly, what is the expected outcome?a. All white-eyed male offspringb. All white-eyed female offspringc. All
When a population has a gene with four alleles circulating, how many possible genotypes are there?a. 3b. 6c.10d.16
Describe one of the reasons that made the garden pea an excellent choice of model system for studying inheritance.
Use a Punnett square to predict the offspring in a cross between a tall pea plant (heterozygous) and a tall pea plant (heterozygous). What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring?
Can a male be a carrier of red-green color blindness?
Could an individual with blood type O (genotype ii) be a legitimate child of parents in which one parent had blood type A and the other parent had blood type B?

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