In Chapter 1, you were given an opportunity to complete the Stroop test, in which color words are printed in the wrong color; for example, the word red might be printed in the color blue. The conflict that arises when we try to name the color of ink the words are printed in but are distracted when the color word does not match the ink color increases reaction time and decreases accuracy. Several researchers have suggested that the Stroop effect can be decreased by hypnosis. Raz, Fan, and Posner (2005) used brainimaging techniques to demonstrate that posthypnotic suggestion led highly hypnotizable people to see Stroop words as nonsense words. Imagine that you are working with Raz and colleagues and your assignment is to determine whether reaction times decrease (remember, a decrease is a good thing; it indicates that participants are faster) when highly hypnotizable people receive a posthypnotic suggestion to view the words as nonsensical. You conduct the experiment on six participants, once in each condition, and receive the following data; the first number is reaction time in seconds without the posthypnotic suggestion, and the second number is reaction time with the posthypnotic suggestion:

a. What is the independent variable and what are its levels? What is the dependent variable?

b. Conduct all six steps of a paired-samples t test as a two-tailed test. Be sure to label all six steps.

c. Report the statistics as you would in a journal article.

d. Now let€™s look at the effect of switching to a one - tailed test. Conduct steps 2, 4, and 6 of hypothesis testing for a one-tailed paired-samples t test. Under which circumstance€”a one-tailed or a two-tailed test€”is it easier to reject the null hypothesis? If it becomes easier to reject the null hypothesis under one type of test (one-tailed versus two-tailed), does this mean that there is a bigger mean difference between the samples? Explain.

e. Now let€™s look at the effect of p level. Conduct steps 4 and 6 of hypothesis testing for a p level of 0.01 and a two-tailed test. With which p level€” 0.05 or 0.01€”is it easiest to reject the null hypothesis with a two-tailed test? If it is easier to reject the null hypothesis with certain p levels, does this mean that there is a bigger mean difference between the samples? Explain.

f. Now let€™s look at the effect of sample size. Calculate the test statistic using only participants 1€“3 and determine the new critical values. Is this test statistic closer to or farther from the cutoff? Does reducing the sample size make it easier or more difficult to reject the null hypothesis? Explain.

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Participant 1: 12.6, 8.5 Participant 2: 13.8, 9.6 Participant 3: 11.6, 10.0 Participant 4: 12.2, 9.2 Participant 5: 12.1, 8.9 13.0, 10.8 Participant 6: