1. A worker-machine cycle is direct time studied using the continuous timing method. One part is produced each cycle. The cycle consists of five elements: a, b, c, d, and e. Elements a, c, d, and e are manual elements, external to machine element b. Every 16 cycles the worker must replace the parts container, which was observed to take 2.0 min during the time study. All worker elements were performance rated at 80%. The PFD allowance is 16%, and the machine allowance = 20%. Determine (a) the normalized time for the cycle. (b) the standard time per part. (c) If the worker completes 200 parts in an 8-hour during which he works 7 hours and 12 min, what is the worker's efficiency? Element Description Cumulative observed time (min) Worker loads machine and starts automatic cycle. 0.25 Machine automatic cycle 1.50 Worker unloads machine. 1.75 Worker files part to size. 2.30 Worker deposits part in container a b c d e 2.40