A digital-analog converter (DAC) is a circuit for converting a digital representation of a number into a corresponding analog voltage. These circuits are crucial to enabling electrical hardware to interface with the outside world; you will be using them in lab very soon. The digital number is represented as a series of high or low voltages, which map to 1's or 0's. These high and low voltages may be generated using CMOS logic gates similar to those you've seen mentioned in lecture, and which you will see a lot more of in 61C. For simplicity we've represented the digital value with static voltage sources Vo, V, V. In this problem, we will consider a DAC made out of resistors called the R-2R ladder. 2R 2R R + Vo LSB 2R R (b) If (V2, V, Vo) (OV, IV, OV), what is Vout? (c) If (V2, V, Vo) (OV, OV, 1V), what is Vout? = (d) If (V2, V, Vo) = (IV, IV, 1V), what is Vout? + V 2R O V Vout MSB Each of the voltage sources Vo, V, and V/ can be either OV or 1V. The specific combination of values (V2, V, Vo) represents a 3-bit binary (unsigned) number where each of Vi is a binary bit. We will now explore how this DAC can convert this digital number into different analog voltages. (a) When the digital voltage sources are configured to (V2, V, Vo) = (IV, OV, OV), what is the output voltage Vout? (e) Finally, solve for Vout in terms of the binary voltage values V2, V, and V. (f) Explain how your results above show that the resistive DAC converts the 3-bit binary number (V2, V, Vo) to the output analog voltage Vout.