Accessing capabilities through an external source can be accomplished through all of these EXCEPT

outsourcing, but depends on what can safely be delegated to outside suppliers.

joint ventures, which depend on how well the partners will work together.

learning$-$based collaborative partnerships for the purpose of learning how the partner does things, internalizing its methods, and thereby acquiring its capabilities.

promoting qualified people with the right know$-$how in a timely and costeffective manner.