Accessing capabilities through an external source can be accomplished through all of these except

a$.$ Etrategic alliances, which should be selected as much for management style, culture, and goals as for their resources and capabilities.

b$.$ leaming$-$based collaborative partnerships for the purpose of learning how the partner does things, internalizing its methods, and thereby acquiring its capabilities.

c$.$ joint ventures, which depend on how well the partners will work together.

d$.$ outsourcing, but depends on what can safely be delegated to outside suppliers.

e$.$ promoting qualified people with the right know$-$how in a timely and cost$-$effective manner.