$($c$)$ Several factors need to be considered when predicting the product$($s$)$ of heteroaromatic substitution reactions.

For the reaction shown below, draw the structure of the expected product$($s$),$ state the type of reaction that is occurring and briefly explain the reason for any directing effects that occur.

$($d$)$ Heterocycles account for over half of all known organic compounds. Outline the main aspects that should be considered when designing a synthesis for a heterocyclic compound.